オートリー（OTLY）2026年第3四半期決算説明会：物流コスト増で業績予想下方修正も成長を維持

オートリー・グループ（NASDAQ: OTLY）が発表した2026年度第3四半期決算は、売上高が9.1%増加し、調整後EBITDAは940万ドルに増加しました。欧州・その他国際市場の力強い業績とサプライチェーンの効率化が収益性を下支えしたものの、北米での燃料費および輸送費の上昇を受けて、通期の調整後EBITDA見通しを引き下げました。

要点

• 第3四半期の売上高は前年同期比9.1%増（現地通貨ベースで8.9%増）となり、4.2%の販売数量増加と、価格設定および製品ミックスによる4.7%のプラス効果が寄与しました。
• 固定費の吸収、サプライチェーンの効率化、価格／ミックス効果がインフレや為替圧力の影響を相殺し、粗利益率は436ベーシスポイント（bp）改善の34.1%に達しました。
• 調整後EBITDAは630万ドル増加して940万ドルとなり、売上高比率は3.9%に相当します。
• 欧州・その他国際市場の現地通貨ベース売上高は20.4%増加し、これには18%近くの販売数量増加が含まれます。北米は2.9%増加した一方、中華圏は19.3%減少しました。
• オートリーは2026年の現地通貨ベース売上高成長率見通し（8%〜10%）を維持したものの、調整後EBITDAの見通しは従来の2,500万〜3,500万ドルの範囲から1,600万〜2,000万ドルへ引き下げました。
• 経営陣は、業績見通しの引き下げは全面的にコスト要因によるものであり、特に夏以降の北米における燃料費および輸送費の急増が影響したと説明しました。

主要財務データ

粗利益率の改善には、固定費の吸収とサプライチェーン効率化による約450ベーシスポイント、純価格および製品／チャネルミックスによる120ベーシスポイントのプラス効果が含まれます。インフレにより粗利益率は110ベーシスポイント押し下げられ、そのうち90ベーシスポイントは中東紛争および北米の輸送費に関連するものです。

調整後EBITDAの630万ドルの増加は、売上総利益が1,660万ドル増加したことを反映したもので、販管費その他の費用が1,030万ドル増加したことで一部相殺されました。顧客向け物流費の上昇やブランディングおよび広告投資が費用増加の主な要因となりました。

事業および業績動向

欧州・その他国際市場

2025年第3四半期に前年同期比9%近くの販売数量増があった厳しい比較対照があったにもかかわらず、現地通貨ベースの売上高は20.4%増加し、販売数量は18%近く増加しました。業務用（Out-of-home）の販売数量は前年同期比で25%増加しました。

セグメント調整後EBITDAは1,000万ドル近く増加し、調整後EBITDA率は約370ベーシスポイント拡大して21.4%となりました。経営陣によると、既存の生産能力を活用し、規律ある市場展開モデルを維持したことで、拡大市場も調整後EBITDAで黒字となりました。

北米

北米の現地通貨ベース売上高は、価格およびミックスのプラス効果を含めて2.9%増加しました。オートリーによると、カテゴリー全体の売上高（Takeaway）が1桁台半ば減少したにもかかわらず、小売での販売数量は8%増加しました。また、取扱い店舗数が過去最高を記録し、カテゴリートップ企業との市場シェアの差を2025年夏の8ポイント近くから約2ポイントに縮小したと発表しました。

セグメント調整後EBITDAは160万ドル改善して30万ドルとなり、利益率は0.5%の黒字に転換しました。しかし、燃料費や物流費の上昇が改善幅を抑える結果となりました。

オートリーは2027年第1四半期に一部製品で値上げを実施する計画です。経営陣はこの措置が重要な規模になると述べていますが、具体的な数値は明らかにしていません。同社は製品ポートフォリオ全体で一律の値上げを行うのではなく、新製品やイノベーション製品における48オンスパックへの移行と価格改定を組み合わせる方針です。

中華圏

中華圏の現地通貨ベース売上高は、前年同期の好実績の反動とフードサービス（外食）チャネルにおける継続的な圧力を反映し、19.3%減少しました。調整後EBITDAはマイナス190万ドルとなり、前年同期比で350万ドル悪化しました。

オートリーは、2026年末までに中華圏事業の戦略的再検討（ストラクチャード・レビュー）を完了する予定です。経営陣は、事業の焦点の明確化、キャッシュリターンの改善、企業価値の向上を目標に掲げ、カーブアウト（事業分社化）の可能性を含めた複数の選択肢を検討しています。

製品イノベーション

オートリーは欧州で食物繊維（Fiber）飲料プラットフォームを立ち上げ、2027年1月に北米での導入を計画しています。このラインナップには、低カロリー・無糖の選択肢や、低糖の「バリスタ」向け製品が含まれます。経営陣によると、約250ミリリットルの1食分で5〜6グラムの食物繊維を摂取できます。

ファイバーシリーズは年内に欧州11市場で展開される見込みです。また、オートリーは「バリスタ・コールドフォーム」を導入するほか、フレーバー付きバリスタ製品や抹茶ラインナップの拡充を進めています。経営陣はこれらのプラットフォームを、世帯浸透率の向上と飲用シーンの拡大を実現する手段と捉えています。

業績見通し（ガイダンス）

経営陣は、調整後EBITDAの見通し下方修正は全面的にコストに起因するものであると述べました。北米における第4四半期の1リットル当たり顧客向け輸送費用は、2026年上半期の平均水準を12.5%上回る見通しです。同社は、第4四半期の北米での追加的なコスト圧力が10%台前半の範囲になると見積もっています。

2027年初期の計画策定にあたり、経営陣は主要な売上原価および物流費が2026年下半期に記録された最悪の水準にとどまると想定していると説明しました。オートリーは2027年第1四半期に適用される北米での価格改定を既に通知しており、欧州での価格設定の検討も進めています。

リスクと注視事項

• 北米での燃料費および輸送費のインフレは、生産性向上、ミックス改善、その他の緩和策を通じて短期間でコストを相殺する同社の能力を超えています。
• 中東紛争に関連するコストは、欧州・その他国際市場において依然として高止まりしています。経営陣によると、この圧力が同社の通期調整後EBITDA率を100ベーシスポイント以上押し下げているとのことです。
• 消費者が厳しい環境に置かれる中で価格改定を行うと、販売数量の価格弾力性が生じる可能性があります。経営陣はある程度の弾力性を予想していますが、取扱い店舗の拡大やイノベーションによってその影響を限定的に抑えられると考えています。
• 中華圏では戦略的再検討が進行中であるものの、フードサービスチャネルの不振、売上高の減少、調整後EBITDAのマイナスが続いています。
• 第3四半期のフリーキャッシュフローの悪化は、設備投資のタイミング、製品投入や店舗拡大に向けた在庫の積み増し、および第2四半期における運転資金の好影響の反動によるものです。
• 経営陣は、コスト環境は引き続き不透明であり、見通しは電話会議の時点で把握されている状況を反映していることを強調しました。

アナリスト質疑応答の要点

価格設定と弾力性：経営陣は、北米での価格引き上げは選択的に行い、コストインフレを相殺すること「以上でも以下でもない」ことを目的としていると述べました。価格引き上げは、製品イノベーションやパックサイズの変更と組み合わせて実施されます。また、オートリーは欧州での価格設定も見直していますが、まだ顧客への通知は行っていません。

2027年に向けたコスト見通し：経営陣は物流インフレの早期緩和を想定していません。現在の社内計画では、主要な原材料および物流費について2026年下半期の最も悪化したコスト水準を2027年の出発点として設定しています。

成長の持続可能性：中華圏を除くオートリーの第3四半期の販売数量は前年同期比で15%増加し、年初来の販売数量は10%近く増加しました。経営陣はこのモメンタムを世帯浸透率の向上、業務用需要、取扱い店舗の拡大、製品の市場投入によるものと説明する一方で、2027年は前年実績のハードルが高くなると指摘しました。

生産性向上策：オートリーは、サプライチェーンや売上原価の改善を継続し、組織内に残る非効率性を削減し、間接費の生産性を高めるとともに、チャネル、顧客、製品のミックスを活用して収益性の保護に役立てる計画です。

キャッシュフロー：経営陣によると、第3四半期のフリーキャッシュフロー流出の大部分はタイミングによるものです。イノベーションのための在庫積み増しは1,100万ドルを超えましたが、第4四半期に同様の状況が繰り返されることはない見込みです。設備投資の減少、在庫圧力の軽減、買掛金の改善により、第4四半期のキャッシュフローは前四半期比および前年同期比で改善が見込まれています。

決算説明会（トランスクリプト）全文

決算説明会の完全なトランスクリプト

経営陣による説明

Operator

Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Oatly Group Third Quarter 2026 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. [Operator Instructions]

I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, John Baumgartner, Vice President of Investor Relations.

John Baumgartner

Good morning and thank you for joining us today. On today's call are our Chief Executive Officer, Jean-Christophe Flatin; our Global President and Chief Operating Officer, Daniel Ordonez; and our Chief Financial Officer, Marie-Jose David.

Please review the cautionary statement regarding forward-looking statements and other disclaimers on Slide 3, which are integrated into this presentation and includes the Q&A that follows. Please also refer to the documents we have filed with the SEC for a detailed discussion of the risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements made today.

Also on today's call, management will refer to certain non-IFRS financial measures, including adjusted EBITDA, constant currency revenue and free cash flow. Please refer to today's release for a reconciliation of non-IFRS financial measures to the most comparable measures prepared in accordance with IFRS. In addition, Oatly has posted a supplemental presentation on its website for reference.

I'd now like to turn the call over to Jean-Christophe.

Jean-Christophe Flatin

Thank you, John, and good morning, everyone. Slide 5 features our key messages. First, our third quarter tells the story of business resilience. Not only did we deliver strong top line growth, but we also delivered substantial growth in total adjusted EBITDA, both year-on-year and sequentially, despite another quarter of elevated and tightening cost inflation. Our results exceeded consensus expectations despite this pressure.

Second, in Europe and International, volume momentum remains robust. On-trend innovation drives growth, and we believe that our new products are capturing incremental demand, both for Oatly and the plant-based category, while attracting younger consumers.

In North America, where the macro backdrop remains challenging, we are activating on the controllables as we accelerate retail distribution growth now at a record high number of distribution points, and we continue to narrow the market share gap in pursuit of category leadership.

Third, I'm excited to announce our entry into the wellness space through our new platform of Fiber beverages. Our first platform launch planned across both Europe and North America. One of the reasons that our founders chose oats is for its nutritional power, including the fiber naturally present in oats. As many populations consume less fiber than recommended by dietary guidelines, creating what we refer to as being the fiber gap, our Fiber platform is designed to offer consumers a convenient and delicious way to incorporate more fiber into their everyday diets. Our Fiber line has launched in Europe and arrives in North America in January 2027.

Fourth, our cost structure maintained strong resilience through the third quarter, including absorption of higher costs related to the Middle East conflict, both in Europe and International, and North America, which allowed us to deliver our strong quarter 3 performance.

However, the latest wave of logistics and fuel inflation in North America has finally exceeded our capacity to offset. For perspective, in the U.S., diesel prices have increased approximately 70% since the beginning of the conflict in the Middle East in February and approximately 40% since early July. This unexpected and sharp acceleration during quarter 3, combined with broader logistics pressure, drives the downward revision to our full year adjusted EBITDA outlook.

In response, we continue to engage key mitigation levers, including continued cost efficiencies and product mix, and we will implement incremental pricing effective in the first quarter of 2027. Amid these volatile and challenging macro headwinds, we choose to protect our profit margins and resources to reinvest and fuel our growth. Despite these profit headwinds, we remain on a positive structural trajectory of profitable growth.

Our reiteration of 2026 constant currency revenue despite more difficult year-on-year comparisons and macro consumer pressure reinforces our confidence and visibility into our demand-generating growth strategy.

Turning now to Slide 6. Here, you can see our solid third quarter scorecard for important key performance indicators. Our revenue grew by 9.1% and 8.9% in constant currency. Our gross profit margin reached 34.1%, an improvement of 436 basis points compared to last year. Our adjusted EBITDA was positive $9.4 million and 3.9% of net sales, an improvement of $6.3 million versus last year despite reinvestment and cost inflation.

Finally, our free cash flow in the quarter was a negative $18.4 million, a decline from last year outflow of $5.4 million and attributable to timing elements that MJ will detail in the finance section.

Our year-to-date cash flow is evolving consistent with our expectations, and our business plan remains fully funded. We maintain focus on achieving positive free cash flow through continued improvement in the P&L, growth in adjusted EBITDA and working capital efficiencies.

Slide 7 reiterates our focus areas for the rest of 2026. As Daniel will soon outline, not only do we maintain high conviction in the traction of our growth playbook on existing portfolio, but our combined taste and fiber products strongly position us to participate in more consumption occasions across more consumer segments as a full beverage company.

In addition, we remain fully mobilized across all parts of the company to mitigate the continued macro volatility and cost headwinds to protect our profit margin and our ability to further fuel our growth momentum.

Finally, as it pertains to Greater China, we expect to complete our strategic review by the end of this year as we evaluate a range of options, including a potential carve-out. Our goal is to accelerate growth, enhance operational focus and improve our consolidated cash returns whilst maximizing the value of this business. We view North America and other international expansion markets as our priorities for growth, and we commend our management team in Greater China for navigating challenging local headwinds in recent years. We will, of course, update the market on our progress as necessary.

Slide 8 summarizes our guidance. For full year 2026, continued execution of our growth playbook underpins our unchanged outlook for constant revenue growth of 8% to 10%. As discussed, the reduction of our adjusted EBITDA outlook from the prior lower end of $25 million to $35 million to a new range of $16 million to $20 million reflects incremental pressure from fuel and logistics in North America since the end of July.

With that, Daniel, over to you.

Daniel Ordonez

Thank you, JC, and good morning, everyone. I will start my discussion on Slide 10. We're very pleased with our strong year-to-date performance from the deployment of our growth playbook, which demonstrates Oatly's relevance in shaping the beverages culture.

As I discussed last quarter, over the past 2 years, we have made substantial progress reducing the barriers to consumption and creating new occasions for consumers to enjoy the taste, functionality and versatility of our oat drinks. We're encouraged by the growth in household penetration, which we believe reflects growing consumer preference of Oatly as a full-on beverages company.

As we close 2026, this approach is gaining momentum through new platforms and unique flavors, appealing to a much broader population and anchored on taste, health and with sustainability at the core. It is important to reflect on Oatly's ability to shape global beverages trends, so we captured the most prominent in the upcoming slides.

In quarter 3, we strengthened our presence in the global Matcha phenomenon with Monochrome events in Berlin, Toronto and London as featured on Slide 11. Our presence at the London Fashion Week reinforces Oatly's relevance at the intersection of beverages and culture, which led to a high-profile London Embassy event last week as featured on Slides 12 and 13.

Following After-Taste in New York back in June, our London Embassy event attracted media, influencers and commercial partners to celebrate the collective momentum for beverages and the launch of our latest trendsetting recipe Look Book, the volume 4 and our Future of Taste Report 2026. We hosted over 500 attendees on day 1 alone before it was open to the public. They experienced signature drinks, panel discussions exploring taste, trends, fiber, sustainability and participated in hands-on drinks master classes.

As demonstrated in our Future of Taste Report on Slide 14, our ambition is to shape what's next on menus. The insights that inform this work are collected from our very own beverage market developers based in each coffee capital of the world as well as coffee houses, experts and mixologists from more than 20 countries and finally, validated by data identifying what's trending online.

As traditional nightlife culture declines, cafes have become the hub where new ideas are cultivated and subcultures are formed. Oatly is uniquely positioned to offer our commercial partners the expertise into the trends shaping coffee culture and how these trends can be realized via our Look Book.

In this year's Future of Taste Report, we explored the pharmification of drinks from fiber to ferments, with the expectation that functionality cannot come at the expense of taste. Emerging health trends, including gut health, fiber-maxxing, fiber-layering, and skin care, are increasingly delivered through drinks.

Slide 15 shows how the coffee menu is transforming, fueled by customization and visual appeal, and moving away from the traditional offers of flat whites and cappuccinos. As an example, we expect the Mont Blancs and Cold Foam to enter the mainstream. Oatly's versatility is highly relevant for inclusion among these trends, and we close 2026 more confident than ever that Oatly provides the ultimate base for functionality, fun, and experimentation as captured in our Look Book. Through flavors and formats, we believe Oatly is strongly positioned to lead this new Taste World Order.

This leads me to our next big announcement on slide 16, the launch of our new Fiber platform. I emphasize that the Fiber range is not simply innovation, it's a natural evolution of who we are. Oatly is built on over 30 years of oat research and innovation which provides unique legitimacy in the fiber space.

Our Fiber line complements our Tastemakers platform as the breadth of our offerings has significantly expanded over the last 3 years.

The Fiber range is available in 2 options: a low calorie, no sugar option well-suited for use in shakes, and a low sugar Barista for coffee and similar drinks. An approximate 250 ml

serving, roughly equivalent to 1 oat latte, provides 5 grams to 6 grams of fiber. So we expect the platform to accelerate Oatly's penetration in new consumer occasions.

For example, low-cal is highly relevant for the world of wellness, fitness, and sports. Oatly Fiber can also be combined with protein powder, bringing fiber and protein together in a

creamy and convenient format, making for a versatile base for shakes and other functional beverages. Oatly Fiber has been designed to make it easier for consumers to incorporate more fiber into their everyday diets with particular focus on female consumers.

Despite these benefits, the modern diet lacks fiber as seen on slide 17. Across Europe, the average daily fiber intake is approximately 10 grams below the 30 grams recommended by health authorities. Similar gaps exist across the world including the U.S. We see consumer demand for fiber on the verge of a multiyear acceleration, and internet search data indicate fiber is already closing the gap with protein.

Fueled by the growing use of GLP-1 medications, consumers are increasingly scrutinizing the quality and quantity of nutrients, and we expect these structural tailwinds to drive fiber demand and notably for oats. Nutrient-dense, naturally rich in fiber, and containing beta-glucans, a type of natural soluble fiber shown to reduce blood cholesterol levels.

We expect Oatly to be among the leaders in reducing the fiber gap through taste and our expertise in oat processing, which is an important part of our approach to developing fiber-focused products. Oatly Fiber will be available across 11 markets in Europe by year end and in the U.S. beginning of January 2027, in the new 48 ounces pack, and it will be supported with intention.

Closing my discussion on innovation, Slide 18 features our Oatly Barista Cold Foam, which extends our presence into the refreshment occasion and is among the strongest trends in the out-of-home channel and, again, particularly relevant for the younger consumer. Specially designed for out-of-home professionals and suitable for hot and iced drinks, cold beverages, and cocktails, our Cold Foam features a delicate vanilla note, is lighter than classic whipped cream, and compatible with most professional equipment. As with Fiber,

we intend to develop it into a full global platform at speed.

Turning to Slide 19 and our quarter 3 performance, Europe and International delivered another very robust quarter. Constant currency revenue growth was at 20.4%, including volume growth of nearly 18%. This is particularly impressive as we lapped volume growth of nearly 9% in last year's third quarter.

At the category level, retail takeaway growth for total plant-based beverages has remained solid, up high single digits driven by volume, while oat milk outgrows plant-based, up 9%. Oatly is growing at nearly double the rate of oat milk category.

As shown on Slide 20, growth in household penetration continues to enhance our results including increasing relevance among younger consumers. Oatly demonstrates strong appeal among Gen Z and Alpha, which underpins our encouraging long-term growth potential. Expanding appeal is also evident in our volume acceleration across the out-of-home channel, as seen on Slide 21, including year-on-year growth of 25% in quarter 3. Across our expansion markets, the sales dynamic is nearly identical. Oatly outperforms oat milk and oat milk is outperforming overall plant-based drinks.

As shown on Slide 22, we are accelerating our momentum and gaining critical mass with the identical playbook curated for local relevance. It seems as if France, Spain, Belgium, Mexico, UAE or Poland had been waiting for Oatly to arrive.

Importantly though, in addition to the accretive revenue growth from expansion markets, we are also adjusted EBITDA positive in these regions as we leverage our established capacity, and we observe a rigorous go-to-market approach.

Time to turn our attention to North America on Slide 23. Retail macros remain challenged. Consistent with recent quarters, category takeaway declined mid-single digits, but we again outperformed with volume-driven growth of 8%. This sustained momentum means we are quickly closing the market share gap, nearing just 2 percentage points to take market leadership, following a gap of nearly 8 percentage points in the summer of 2025.

Overall, our North America segment grew in Q3 with constant currency revenue of 2.9%, including positive price mix. This is net of the sales decline in the former largest customer, which is now significantly reduced, but still meaningful in the year-on-year or quarter-on-quarter comparison. Our sales in out-of-home accelerated sequentially, and September was the second strongest month of sales this year. Looking ahead, we plan to further accelerate this momentum.

Turning to Slide 24, our expectation for continued outperformance is underpinned by 2 catalysts. First, we are growing retail distribution at an accelerating rate including benefits from a category consolidation around a more limited number of leading brands. Our distribution growth has accelerated throughout the year, including contributions from numerous leading retailers and importantly, without diluting velocities.

This growth has been significantly driven by our Barista edition as shown on slide 25, by and large our leading item in Europe, and that I am glad to say, is now gaining traction in North America led by our Taste strategy, connecting the out-of-home experience with the retail channel, both in chilled and ambient shelves, and in multiple sizes for different shopper occasions.

Elevated visibility for Barista provides a foundational bridge to our second catalyst, the launch of flavored Barista, including the likes of churros or popcorn, and the introduction of our Matcha, all of which are now underway.

Collectively, expanded distribution is driving our sustained growth in market share, as featured on Slide 26, and our larger market presence leads to the adoption of our increasingly diverse range of products as seen on Slide 27. This more expansive portfolio enables a reframing of the category to drive new consumer trial, and ultimately, repeat and velocity.

Shifting to Greater China on Slide 28. Third quarter constant currency revenue declined 19.3% on lapping last year's difficult comparison of growth of 29%. Operating conditions remain consistent with recent quarters, including headwinds that persist in the food service channel and sustained strong performance of the new retail portfolio. As JC mentioned, we intend to complete the strategic review of our Greater China segment by the end of this year.

To close my business update, I would like to focus on the trajectory of key business metrics on Slide 29. We continue to deliver strong volume growth, which is converting into operating leverage and gross margin expansion that fuels reinvestment.

In the third quarter, spending for branding and advertising again grew at a strong double digit rate relative to last year and was among the main factors driving the year-on-year increase in SG&A.

As JC mentioned, this latest wave of North America fuel and freight inflation since July has finally outpaced our ability to offset this incremental cost pressure, similar with our peers in

food and beverage, which reduces our outlook for 2026 adjusted EBITDA. With the necessary objective to protect margins, we have already communicated a price increase to our customers, effective in the first quarter of 2027.

We are confident that the significant wave of relevant innovations, taste, fiber, and importantly, the reframing with the 48 ounces pack for the innovations, not on 64 ounces any longer, together with strong distribution and velocity traction, will help buffer volume elasticity.

In Europe, our pricing is also under review as the cost impact related to this year's Middle East conflict is proving stickier. We emphasize our decisiveness for the consolidation of profitability, from which we will reinvest to sustain the current cycle of demand growth in 2027 and beyond.

And with that, I will now turn the call over to MJ.

Marie-Jose David

Thank you, Daniel, and good morning, everyone. Slide 31 summarizes our solid financial delivery for the third quarter. Constant currency revenue grew 8.9% against a more difficult prior year comparison, maintaining the solid rate seen in quarter 2. Gross profit margin was 34.1% and increased 436 basis points year-on-year. Net pricing and product mix offset cost inflation with nearly all pressure driven by conflict in the Middle East and freight expenses in North America. This offset drove the flow-through of solid operating leverage from facility optimization, volume absorption and productivity improvements.

Q3 adjusted EBITDA was a positive $9.4 million and improved $6.3 million relative to last year's quarter 3. Delivery was consistent with our expectations for a ramp in second half profit contribution, driven by gross margin expansion, some favorable expense phasing and SG&A leverage.

Our brand investments have demonstrated strong returns, which have been sustained despite this year's material cost inflation, and the underlying trajectory of structural profit improvement remains positive.

I will now provide more details about our financial performance. Slide 32 shows the bridging items of our revenue growth. Volume grew 4.2%. Price mix increased 4.7% and foreign exchange was a modest headwind at 0.2%.

Moving to Slide 33. The year-over-year gross margin bridge shows the improvement of approximately 440 basis points. This improvement is explained by 450 basis points from fixed cost absorption and supply chain efficiencies and 120 basis points from net pricing and product channel mix. These benefits were only partially offset by a negative impact from inflation of 110 basis points, including 90 basis points from the Middle East conflict and North America freight costs, and foreign currency headwinds of 20 basis points.

Slide 34 shows the quarter 3 year-over-year improvement in our adjusted EBITDA. Growth of $6.3 million was driven by a $16.6 million increase in gross profit, partially offset by a $10.3 million increase in SG&A and Other. Nearly half of this SG&A increase is driven by customer distribution costs, which are linked to sold volumes, and include increasing pressure from freight expense. Approximately 1/3 of the SG&A increase is from selling expenses and largely increased branding and advertising. The remaining increase in SG&A is driven by general and administrative functions. Excluding freight inflation related to macro factors, our underlying cost structure remains positioned to scale with volume growth.

Slide 35 shows segment-level detail. Europe and International grew net sales by 20.4% in constant currency. Despite continued cost inflation related to the Middle East conflict, adjusted EBITDA grew nearly $10 million year-on-year from both gross margin expansion and operating leverage. Adjusted EBITDA margin was 21.4% and expanded approximately 370 basis points year-on-year.

North America's constant currency revenue grew 2.9%. The segment's adjusted EBITDA increased by $1.6 million, to $0.3 million, and a more moderate growth rate relative to last quarter from rising cost pressure from fuel and logistics. Adjusted EBITDA margin was positive at 0.5% and improved approximately 260 basis points year-on-year.

Greater China constant currency revenue decreased 19.3%. The contraction is explained by the lapping of a challenging comparison with the prior year quarter, when constant currency revenue grew 29%, and continued current year macro pressure in the out-of-home channel. The segment reported an adjusted EBITDA of negative $1.9 million, and softening of $3.5 million year-on-year.

As JC mentioned, our strategic review is ongoing and expected to conclude by year end. In our reported results for quarter 3, Greater China results include a noncash impairment charge of $1.6 million, related to the exit of one office location, which is excluded from adjusted EBITDA. Quarter 3 corporate expense was higher by $1.4 million on higher personnel costs.

Turning to our cash flow on Slide 36, I reaffirm that our business plan remains fully funded, and we remain focused on bringing the company to positive free cash flow following the positive inflection in our adjusted EBITDA. In quarter 3, free cash flow was a net outflow of $18.4 million compared to an outflow of $5.4 million last year. The increased outflow results from 3 factors. First is unfavorable timing of capital expenditures which shifted from Q2 into Q3. Second is increased inventory to support our innovation launches and expanded distribution. Third is the previously disclosed expected reversal of beneficial working capital phasing that enhanced cash generation in Q2.

Year-to-date, cash from operating activities through quarter 3 is a negative $11.5 million and improved from last year's outflow of $17.4 million. Year-to-date results are consistent with our expectations, and at the end of quarter 3, total available liquidity was $95 million, including undrawn bank facilities.

Aside from the quarterly volatility in cash phasing this year, we see continued progress in our underlying cash drivers and opportunities for further improvement across all levers of cash flow. We continue to expect that free cash flow will not be positive for the full year 2026.

Specifically for quarter 4, we anticipate improved cash flow relative to quarter 3 and last year from multiple factors. First, timing considerations will result in CapEx not repeating at the same level as quarter 3. Second, as we have already largely built inventory to support our innovation, we do not anticipate a repeat of the headwind seen in quarter 3. Third, we also anticipate improvement in payables.

Turning to our 2026 outlook on Slide 37. As JC mentioned at the top of the call, we are maintaining our outlook for constant currency revenue growth at 8% to 10%. On a reported basis, considering recent FX rates and assuming no change for the rest of the year, we estimate FX to add approximately 200 to 250 basis points to net sales, consistent with our prior expectation.

For adjusted EBITDA, we are reducing our outlook from the prior low end of $25 million to $35 million, to $16 million to $20 million. Year-to-date, the flexibility and resilience of our model absorbed the cost impact of the Middle East conflict. However, similar with many of our peers in food and beverage, the latest increases in fuel and freight costs for North America have been larger than anticipated.

Although we have mitigation efforts underway, the time lag of these levers will be unable to offset this incremental cost push in quarter 4, which we estimate will be in the low double-digit

percent in North America. The net impact of this cost pressure results in our reduced outlook for adjusted EBITDA.

As a reminder, our outlook is provided in the context of what we know today and set against elevated macro volatility. Our fundamentals remain strong, and we continue to execute against our growth playbook, while maintaining agility to adapt to external factors.

Lastly, our guidance for full year CapEx remains unchanged, in the range of $20 million to $30 million, and with a bias to the middle of this range.

This concludes our prepared remarks. We will now hand it over to the operator for the Q&A.

Operator

[Operator Instructions] And our first question comes from Andrew Lazar with Barclays.

質疑応答

Andrew Lazar

I guess I wanted to drill down a little bit on some of the pricing commentary. Certainly, a number of packaged food peers have already discussed the likely need to take some pricing actions exiting this year into '27. And those that have discussed it a bit more in a more detailed fashion have also talked about embedding greater than, let's say, historical or typical volume elasticity this time around, just given the consumer is under a bit more pressure than, let's say, the last time the industry had to enact quite a bit of pricing.

So I'm trying to get a sense of what type of elasticity are you embedding in North America? And I guess in Europe as well, it sounds like there's probably some pricing coming there also. And is it greater than sort of what you've typically seen in these types of situations?

Daniel Ordonez

Thank you, Andrew. Daniel here will take your call. Thank you for the question. Listen, pricing, you got it right. We will do what we must do to protect margins since the cost inflation seems to be sticky. Before I dive into elasticity, I would like to see how we're looking at the 2 segments, right? We talked about, you got it right as well. The North America price increase is through, and we are contemplating but decisively as well in Europe as we speak.

We need to look at things -- the way we look at things is upon very strong velocities. We see at the moment, strong velocities, market share momentum, significant market share momentum and building up. And we show a consistent net gain from private labels, Andrew. So this is possibly significantly different to what other CPG peers could be seeing at the moment. So that demonstrates that our value equation is robust.

How much are we going to increase price? The sufficient one to offset cost increase. So that gives you already the way we are directionally looking into 2027.

Now to frame this up, we don't see just a price increase as we're implementing these, but primarily an innovation-led price reframing. You see all the new items you see on taste, on fiber, the reframing of the 64 ounces in the U.S. to 48 ounces, all the innovation will come in 48 ounces that you see on Slide 27 for reference, half of those items will be new. So when you see what consumers and shoppers are going to be seeing, are not going to see a net price increase that sits, but a lot of momentum happening on shelf.

Elasticity, there will always be. We're building some, not much. And we expect the context to remain volatile. So -- but on the whole, Andrew, we are -- we believe we are very well placed to minimize the elasticity.

Andrew Lazar

Got it. All right. And then just curious on sort of as you think forward, the outlook on the oat milk category in North America, sort of once you lap the competitor leaving the space, which I'm assuming, but maybe I'm wrong, is what drove the oat milk category down some 12% in the quarter.

Daniel Ordonez

Yes. Listen, good question, Andrew. You're right. If you look at what's happening with that alleged consolidation, we're clearly gaining more than our fair share, as you see on Slide 24. Imagine we are 800 bps up in TDPs. So that's a lot and goes back to your previous question about strength and velocities, right? So we're not diluting velocities, which gives us a lot of confidence that it correlates a lot with the household penetration gains we're seeing as well. It's not just about that consolidation. If you look at the other 2 shelves in which we are operating, creamers or ambient, the momentum keeps building. So it's not just a consolidation.

Now as you rightly said, our focus is in driving category penetration. We are obsessed by it. And with 70% of head space of penetration in front of us, that's what we're doing. And then the rest is about executing the playbook and investing behind the innovation, Andrew. Really, really -- we are really, really decisive and optimistic about what fibers and functionality can do in the U.S., if your question was more towards the U.S. and I think it is. This could be the turning point that we're expecting for North America.

Operator

Our next question comes from Kaumil Gajrawala with Jefferies.

Kaumil Gajrawala

I guess the big question is trying to understand the impacts on logistics into '27 as best as we can. It sounds like a little bit from your commentary that maybe -- it was obviously prices moved up very quickly and they're hitting 4Q very substantially. But it also sounded like it's temporary in some ways. So I'm just kind of curious on -- is this -- are some of these fees a catch-up costs or something else going on? Or really any insights that we can get into the beginning of '27 related to what's happening with costs?

Jean-Christophe Flatin

Thank you, Kaumil. Jean-Christophe, I'll take that. Allow me to start by unpacking your question on the why now, how much are we guiding -- revising or guiding, and so what, including going into 2027. So first, why now? You're right. Up to quarter 3, we have demonstrated our resilience by our ability to absorb higher costs related to the Middle East conflict, mainly on logistics and packaging. And that resilience is what drove our robust delivery both in Q2 and Q3. Now however, in the course of quarter 3, like many of our CPG peers, we have seen an additional and quite sudden inflation acceleration, specifically in U.S. freight and fuel.

Let me just give one illustration. The U.S. diesel price increased by 23.8% just between last Monday, October 26, and the last time we spoke on July 22. If I step back and look at the full year '26, this latest diesel price point is 83% above what it was on January 5, and 2/3 of this growth nearly happened after July. So yes, it has been pretty sudden.

So what this means is, first, our quarter 3 EBITDA would have been higher without this. And it also explains why this is this last wave of inflation that has now exceeded our capacity to offset, hence, the timing of our revised bottom line guidance into the quarter 4.

So what's up for quarter 4? I think I already covered it, perhaps giving you 2 data points. When it comes to the Middle East conflict cost pressure in E&I, it now represents more than 100 basis points of our full year total company net adjusted EBITDA margin. That's data point number one.

Data point number two, to illustrate our freight and fuel challenge in North America, we now expect our freight to customer per liter sold in the U.S. to be in quarter 4, 12.5% higher than the average of H1 '26. So that gives you a little bit of what we are seeing.

If I now go to your question on the beginning of '27, specifically. Honestly, we are informed and humbled by the 2026 journey. So we currently project 2027, both on key cost of goods sold and logistics-like items to be a little bit at the worst half '26, reflecting both the latest energy raw impact price increases that we have got, as well as the highest points of fuel and freight in the U.S.

So to your point, are we planning or are we projecting an ease up of those cost inflation at the beginning of '27? Not at all. And that's why we are taking prices in the way Daniel just described, which is selectively and with innovation.

Operator

Our next question comes from Max Gumport with BNP Paribas.

Max Andrew Gumport

So you continue to show that your growth playbook is really having success, both in Europe and International, and in North America. I'm curious for your view on whether a lot of the growth you're getting from this playbook is onetime in nature and presents tough comparisons versus how much of it is sustainable? And how much of this growth rate that you're seeing both in Europe and North America could continue into '27 at this very attractive rate?

Daniel Ordonez

Thank you, Max. Good to hear you this morning. Very good question. I tell you how we're looking at this. We're looking generalized momentum, and we're looking at this as we're only getting started. Why am I saying that? A couple of other data points that are not in the deck.

If you look at our volume growth year-on-year for quarter 3, excluding China, we're growing at 15%. If you're looking at volume growth, excluding China, for the year-to-date, we're growing at almost 10%. So there's something there that shows that we're gaining traction that perfectly correlates with household penetration. We're growing household penetration, as you saw in the deck in all our markets and in both regions. That tells us that there are tailwinds that we are catching, but also we are generating. And as you know very well, household penetration is not something that goes in and out from a month-to-month basis. There are weights and there are trends. So when we look at 70% head space penetration in front of us, we like to think that we are here that this momentum will stick.

On top of that, you add 2 incremental points, Max, before going into some color on the segments. Number one, I'm sure you see like us, there is industry generalized momentum for out-of-home. And you see how much we're growing in out-of-home at the moment. So that tailwind favors our strategy. That's number one.

And number two, the innovation that you see here are not one hit wonders. Everything we have launched is sticking as the necessary velocities to stay and they continue to gain traction, whether it's the Matcha range, the flavored Baristas and now the fibers. So all of that combined makes us look with optimism at the category development in the future.

You would have heard us talking about us not positioning ourselves anymore as an alternative. I think that what we hear from consumers today is that we are a choice, and we're really moving away from this binary dairy versus plant-based debate. And we're really, really moving into what's the right flavor, texture, performance and nutrition for what people drink, right? So that's the way in which we see it generally. And we're not stopping until we'll become the world's culturally favored drink, Max. That's what we're seeing and building a beverage company, which is the kind of lingo that JC and I love using.

Both regions, same thing. Perhaps in the case of North America, in the U.S., I will need to double-click on distribution, right? There is a very, very significant distribution to be gained still, and a reconfiguration of the retail shelves, and we're only getting started there. So when you see 50% of the new items going to hit shelves in the coming weeks, it gives me hope that the shelves in the retail space in North America will look increasingly similar to the ones we can see when we go to London or Berlin.

Max Andrew Gumport

Great. And then just turning back to pricing. Would it be possible to quantify specifically in North America, just the magnitude of the price increase that you've communicated to your customers already that will become effective in 1Q? Because I can imagine a wide range of outcomes depending on how much of this outsized inflation you are looking to offset.

Daniel Ordonez

Yes, of course. I will -- sorry, I will sound like a scratch record here. The sufficient one, Max, to cover for the cost inflation, of course, and it depends. As JC alluded as well, it is selective. It is quite surgical. It's not a wide canvas price increase and a lot is skewed towards the innovation and the reframing on pack. So I hate to disappoint you, but I'm not going to provide you a number, but it's material. It's not insignificant.

Operator

Our next question comes from Tom Palmer with JPMorgan.

Thomas Palmer

I know inflation has been a big focus already, but I did have a follow-up. When it comes to the 4Q COGS inflation you've noted, how much of that kind of reflects the full burden of elevated spot prices today for things like diesel and freight versus, say, contracts or hedges delaying some of the step-up into 2027?

Jean-Christophe Flatin

Thank you, Tom. Let me reiterate, it's -- the revised guidance is a combo of both the continued Middle East conflict impact on E&I, as well as the very significant further logistic inflation in the U.S., both freight and fuel. So it's not accumulated. As we said, we proudly strongly delivered in quarter 2 and quarter 3, which shows the resilience of our business model at the time where we are creating growth momentum. So nothing accumulated. This is the tipping point has been what has happened in U.S. logistics over the summer, specifically after the month of July. And we are now also projecting that to continue for the beginning of 2027, as I answered earlier.

Thomas Palmer

Okay. Understood. And there was mention of pricing being under review in Europe. Maybe just a review of the conversation up to this point has been very U.S.-centric in terms of inflationary pressure. Maybe just a review of kind of what you're seeing when it comes to Europe on the inflationary front and kind of how you think through pricing there if this kind of price pack architecture bent would also be more of the focus?

Daniel Ordonez

Yes. Thank you so much, Tom. I think you should be reading both regions in the same vein. Perhaps there is an internal lag in the process. And the very obvious thing that you all guys know. I mean, we have a much bigger, stronger and more resilient business in Europe and International, right? So in the mix of the way we see it internally, we are reviewing how to continue to strengthen the business. We're not ready to communicate in this call, but we haven't communicated yet to customers, right? But we will make no mistake, we will protect margins. And you can see from the color of this call what we are prepared to do.

Operator

Our next question comes from Dara Mohsenian with Morgan Stanley.

Dara Mohsenian

Just a bit more detail around cost and pricing. I know we've had a bunch of questions on it. But just to confirm, the revision of full year EBITDA this year, it sounds like that's more entirely driven by costs. So the $7 million revision at your midpoint, that's just cost related? Or are there any other puts and takes you would call out? And as we think about next year, is that sort of a good run rate to think about for the first few quarters of next year until you cycle this? Just trying to get an understanding of if the Q4 cost pressure is sort of similar on a quarterly basis as we move into '27?

And just on pricing, I understand you won't quantify it for us exactly today, but is it designed to offset most of the cost increase? Is it designed to offset it on a dollar basis or a margin basis? Just conceptually help us understand how you're managing pricing relative to that cost, understanding that the cost inflation is pretty volatile here. But how are you thinking about that conceptually?

And then last, just we haven't heard a lot about incremental productivity, and you guys have made nice efforts on that front over the last couple of years here. So is there a renewed emphasis on productivity or new programs on that front that can help offset some of this cost pressure?

Jean-Christophe Flatin

Thank you so much, Dara, for this sandwich multiple questions. So I will unpack it. So first of all, is the guide down fully related to cost? The answer is yes. There is nothing else that we have factored that in. As I explained, it's really the sudden and abrupt U.S. logistic inflation, specifically post August that is driving that, nothing else.

Question number two is help us look at how are you thinking of 2027? So of course, a few preambles. Number one, as you know, we never guide on next year in our quarter 3 earnings call, and I will not deviate from that. Number two, you're spot on, the current business context remains super volatile and unpredictable. So whatever I'm about to say is with what we know today and only that, and we will need to continue to have a great deal of agility to navigate that.

Now if you allow me to reformulate your question into what are your key intents and assumptions as you start thinking about next year? Number one, growth momentum is one of the scarcest assets in CPG right now, and Oatly has it currently. Our playbook is working, and we will now further -- it will be further completed by the Fiber launch. So what we intend to do in the coming quarters is to continue to fuel meticulously this growth momentum, first, because it's precious; number two, because our [ D&A ] investment is working. So of course, we all need to keep in mind as you model that we will be lapping a much stronger 2026 comp base. So -- but that I don't need to tell you.

Second, we will take pricing with innovation selectively. I'll come back to that. Third, when it comes to the COGS and logistic cost assumptions, at the moment, as I said, history has taught us and taught us in 2026 to be humble and conservative. So at the moment, what we are planning is the worst of '26 going into 2027. So that's what we have.

Your third question was, how do you calibrate your price increase specifically in the U.S. because here it's already out there. I will just repeat what Daniel very well said. It's designed to cover this cost inflation, no more, no less. So that's the way we look at that.

And finally, I'm super happy that you bring the productivity question. Allow me to step back first. When we reflect with Daniel and MJ, we are at a moment in our company history where we are creating growth momentum, and we are delivering now structurally profitable growth. And therefore, we view our job as accelerating this value creation despite the external challenging environment. We passionately turn around this business, and we are not prepared to slow down the value creation journey we have initiated. So what does it mean?

First of all, it means that we will continue to deliver COGS and supply chain cost progress. I think the last 3 years journey you were kind enough to refer to has demonstrated our ability to do it and we will continue it as a permanent. Second, when it comes to G&A, specifically, we are chasing productivity and overhead,

and we do that on 2 fronts.

First, we are currently decisively attacking all remaining inefficiencies in our organization, in the way we work, in anything that is not directly related to sales, consumer saving, customer saving and being really at the forefront of delivering our mission. The second lever is continuing our duty to boost the impact of our investment. Every penny we invest is precious, and it is our job to maximize this investment.

Beyond that, you will see us continue to very actively drive all mix levers, channels, customer, portfolio, innovation. And as we said, we will implement pricing. So all of this combined, you see us continuing decisively to fuel the precious growth momentum we have created in order to accelerate our value creation.

Operator

[Operator Instructions] Our next question comes from Samu Wilhelmsson with Nordea.

Samu Wilhelmsson

Kind of 2 questions regarding the cash flow part of the business. You, MJ, clarified wonderfully there that you expect Q4 cash flow to improve lower CapEx and no repeat of the inventory build and better payables. But are you able to quantify a bit more on the expected contribution from each of the 3 items? And maybe also that if the $18 million Q3 free cash outflow, how much would you consider timing related for that versus underlying cash consumption that will not reverse? So that's the first question. We can take that first.

Marie-Jose David

Sam, this is MJ, Marie-Jose. So let me take. Can you hear me well? Just checking.

Samu Wilhelmsson

Yes, I can hear you.

Marie-Jose David

Perfect. So let me start with Q3, right? So as you mentioned, a negative $18.4 million in free cash flow. But I'm sure you noticed the nice progress in the cash management since 2023. And you can see that, by the way, in the deck, right, where Q3 2023 was $49 million of cash burn, and 2024 was $27 million of cash burn.

Also, if you recall, when we discussed back in July, we mentioned those phasings. So clearly, what you should recall into -- going into Q3 numbers is that most of it is a phasing impact. And it's a phasing impact, as we discussed from CapEx timing shift, which we called in Q2 that we will see that going into Q3 because don't forget, right? When we were in Q2, we told you that our free cash flow outflow were coming better than expected because of the timing. So one was driven by CapEx. The other one, as we called in our prepared remarks, was driven by larger inventories because we are building some innovation, so inventory in order to ship that in Q4 and later.

And the last thing is the calendar switch that we had from a payable standpoint. So most of the impact of the $18 million are very much driven outside of the average that you should consider from the timing.

Going into Q4, what we expect from an improvement standpoint? First, you should expect a year-over-year improvement as well as a sequential improvement. Where this will come from? Smaller CapEx because, again, Q3 was higher than what we expected, and we don't expect that to repeat in Q4. The inventory build, as we just -- as I just told, which was more than $11 million is not as well expected to be repeated in Q4. And last, the benefits of payables, we expect that to see in Q4.

So again, what I want you to keep in mind is that cash management improvement, year-to-date cash flow in line with our expectations, fully funded, confidence towards our trajectory of free cash flow positive totally intact and supporting the trajectory of EBITDA growth as well as we used to say profitable growth in general.

And I hope I answered to your Q3 and Q4 questions.

Samu Wilhelmsson

Yes. Yes, indeed. Understood. Maybe just a follow-up because you ended Q3 with $23 million of cash and then obviously, the unused RCF. But I guess the free cash flow by all means would also be negative for Q4 given your guidance. So do you have any, let's say, minimal liquidity level you would say comfortable operating with? And how much liquidity buffer you would expect to have before achieving that positive free cash flow?

Marie-Jose David

So the how much, Samu, I'm not going to answer. If the question is, are you comfortable in order to operate with the cash you have in the bank, the answer is 100% yes.

Operator

Thank you. I would now like to turn the call back over to John Baumgartner for any closing remarks.

John Baumgartner

Thank you, operator, and thanks, everyone, for joining today. Any follow-up, feel free to reach out. Have a great day. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. This concludes the conference. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.