Cboe 2026 年第三季法說會：選擇權業務成長帶動營收成長 18%

重點速覽

• Cboe 全球市場公布 2026 年第三季淨營收達 7.12 億美元，年增 18%。調整後稀釋每股盈餘 (EPS) 成長 36% 至 3.63 美元。
• 調整後營運 EBITDA 成長 28% 至 5.22 億美元，調整後營運 EBITDA 利潤率擴增 5.8 個百分點至 73.3%。調整後營運費用下降 3% 至 2.04 億美元。
• 衍生性商品淨營收成長 22% 至 4.02 億美元。指數選擇權日均交易量成長 24% 至 610 萬口，其中 0DTE 占 SPX 交易量創紀錄的 65%。
• Cboe 將與標普道瓊指數公司 (S&P Dow Jones Indices) 的獨家授權協議延長 25 年至 2051 年。管理層預期此舉對 2026 年淨營收無影響，且權利金調升對 2027 年淨營收成長的影響極微。
• 該公司將 2026 年本業淨營收成長展望上調至 10% 多的高段 (high teens)，並將 Data Vantage 本業成長預測上調至 15% 左右 (mid-teens)。
• Cboe 計劃於 11 月推出公司 KPI 事件合約，惟仍需視結算會員、經紀商與造市商的準備情況而定。預計 Robinhood 與盈透證券 (Interactive Brokers) 將在上線時提供支援。

主要財務結果

第三季 GAAP 結果包含 7 月 31 日出售 Cboe Australia 獲得的 7,150 萬美元淨收益，以及與 CAT LLC 應收票據相關的 1,400 萬美元新增備抵。這兩項皆已排除在調整後結果之外。

業務與營運表現

選擇權與衍生性商品

選擇權總日均交易量成長 14%，其中指數選擇權成長 24%，多重上市選擇權成長 10%。每口選擇權營收成長 9%，反映出指數選擇權佔比提升，以及每口指數選擇權費率成長 3%。

SPX 0DTE 散戶交易量年增 46%，相較之下機構法人交易量成長 20%。散戶估計佔 SPX 0DTE 交易量的 58%，高於一年前的 53%。管理層表示，約 95% 的 0DTE 交易活動仍採用風險有限的結構。

小型 SPX (Mini-SPX，簡稱 XSP) 交易量較 2025 年第三季翻倍以上，日均達 25.1 萬口。管理層將此成長主要歸因於 6 月廢除典型當沖客 (Pattern Day Trader) 規定後的散戶參與、更佳的交易工具以及對小額產品的需求。

全球交易時間 (GTH) 交易量成長超過 130%。亞洲盤佔 GTH 交易量 30% 以上，高於一年前的不到 20%。Cboe 亦於 10 月為 24 檔個股及 5 檔 ETF 的選擇權推出了延長交易時間。

VIX 選擇權日均交易量僅成長 3%，反映出管理層所形容本季穩定的波動度環境。期貨淨營收因 VIX 期貨交易活動減少而下降 5%。

標普 (S&P) 授權協議

與標普道瓊指數公司延長 25 年的協議，確保了 Cboe 到 2051 年為止對 SPX 選擇權、Mini-SPX、VIX 與標普二元選擇權等產品的獨家權利。該協議還涵蓋未來可能的交易所交易、集中結算代幣化選擇權合約。

管理層表示，SPX 家族產品多年來未進行實質的價格調整。公司預期本業交易量成長、定價最佳化以及整體生態系統的執行力將可抵銷 2027 年權利金的增加。2027 年的重置將是最大幅度調升，2028 年起調整幅度較小。

KPI 事件合約與結算

Cboe 已獲得批准提供涵蓋 23 家公司的證券型 KPI 合約，並計劃於 11 月上線。首批產品將採用與已公布企業指標掛鉤的二元賠付模式。由於公司優先考慮推廣率與流動性，在 2026 年底前將免收費用。

管理層預計初期參與將以散戶投資人為主，隨著歷史數據積累，法人採納度將逐步發展。隨時間推移，Cboe 可根據需求增加更多公司、指標、履約價、區間及選擇權型態的賠付方式。

Cboe Clear U.S. 已獲得美國證券交易委員會 (SEC) 的臨時證券結算註冊資格，初期將支援 KPI 合約。管理層亦認為結算平台具備支援代幣化工具、永續期貨及其他事件合約等新興產品的潛力，不過這些機會仍取決於市場發展與監管條件。

現貨與數據業務

北美股票淨營收成長 10% 至 1.14 億美元，其中淨交易與結算費用因場內淨擷取率提高而成長 16%。歐洲及亞太地區淨營收成長 6%（按固定匯率計算為 7%），淨結算費用成長 31%。

Cboe 計劃在 12 月將現貨股票交易時間延長至 23/5，惟仍需視整體產業準備情況而定，同時正在評估代幣化解決方案作為邁向 24/7 交易的可能途徑。

Data Vantage 的成長主要由存取費、市場數據、分析與指數帶動。存取與容量費成長 16%，為該業務貢獻了約 82% 的年成長。市場數據成長中有超過 80% 來自新訂閱或授權銷售，且年初至今大部分銷售來自美國以外地區。

管理層財務指引

截至 7 月 31 日，Cboe Australia 為 2026 年淨營收貢獻了約 2,000 萬美元，為 Data Vantage 淨營收貢獻了約 1,700 萬美元。指引在計算本業成長時已排除已處分的業務。

管理層預計第四季淨利息收入為 1,200 萬至 1,300 萬美元。此外，預計向 TMX 提供的過渡服務將為單季營業外收入帶來 200 萬美元的正向貢獻，基本上抵銷了相關的營運費用。

該公司本季結束時擁有 27 億美元的調整後現金，槓桿比率為 0.7 倍。公司預計利用手頭現金償還 2027 年第一季到期的 6.5 億美元優先債券。Cboe 還將股票回購授權額度增加了 5.5 億美元，截至 10 月 28 日總授權額度達到約 10 億美元。

風險與關注事項

• VIX 相關交易活動對波動度狀況依然敏感。穩定的波動度限制了 VIX 選擇權的成長，並導致第三季期貨營收下降。
• KPI 合約的推出時機取決於結算會員、經紀商及造市商的準備情況。管理層表示採納進度與營收發展難以預測。
• Cboe 強調了關於事件合約應歸類為證券還是期貨法規監管的不確定性。該公司堅持主張，與證券、指數或重大企業績效指標掛鉤的合約屬於 SEC 管轄範圍內的證券。
• 標普協議將自 2027 年起引入更高的權利金。管理層預期對淨營收的影響極微，但未公布詳細的費率表。
• 人工智慧 (AI) 驅動的需求正在推升營運費用與資本支出中的硬體及軟體成本，管理層預期此壓力短期內不會緩解。
• 現貨股票交易推行 23/5 模式的計畫仍需視整體產業的準備狀況而定。

分析師問答集錦

SPX 定價與權利金成本：管理層認為，本業交易量成長、定價最佳化與營運執行力是抵銷較高標普 (S&P) 權利金費用的主要途徑。管理層表示，SPX 產品家族具備定價彈性，因為費用已多年未進行調整。

Data Vantage 的持續性：管理層表示，Data Vantage 的四大功能均實現成長，並以存取與市場數據領軍。國際需求在日本、韓國與香港等市場最為強勁，受到海外投資人對美國市場興趣的支撐。

KPI 市場發展：Cboe 預期造市商將謹慎起步，並隨流動性成長而收窄買賣價差。管理層看到尋求對企業績效驅動因素進行更細緻曝險的避險基金與單一股票投資組合經理人的潛在法人需求。

資本配置：公司維持其優先事項，即本業投資、每季股利、機動性股票回購及選擇性收購。管理層未提供使用擴大後回購授權的時間表。

長期費用與利潤率：管理層拒絕設定穩定狀態的利潤率目標。管理層表示利潤率可能隨投資週期波動，而對 KPI 合約、結算與延長交易時間的支出將保持審慎控制。

散戶參與度與 AI：Cboe 表示目前尚無可靠方式衡量 AI 對散戶選擇權交易的影響。管理層認為，風險有限、短天期產品與高品質數據，隨著時間推移可支援更多 AI 驅動策略的使用。

法說會逐字稿全文

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完整財報電話會議逐字稿

管理層陳述

Operator

Hello, everyone. Thank you for joining us, and welcome to Cboe Global Markets Third Quarter Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] I will now hand the conference over to Ken Hill, Head of Investor Relations. Ken, please go ahead.

Kenneth Hill

Good morning, and thank you for joining us for our third quarter earnings conference call. On the call today, Craig Donohue, our CEO, will discuss our performance for the quarter and provide an update to our strategic outlook. Jill Griebenow, our Chief Financial Officer, will provide an overview of our financial results for the quarter as well as discuss updates to our 2026 financial guidance.

Following their comments, we will open the call to Q&A. Also joining us for Q&A will be Prashant Bhatia, our Head of Enterprise Strategy and Corporate Development; Heidi Fisher, our Global Head of Cash and Spot Markets; Rob Hocking, our Global Head of Derivatives; and Scott Johnston, our Chief Operating Officer. I would like to point out that this presentation will include the use of slides. We will be showing the slides and providing commentary on each. A downloadable copy of the slide presentation is available on the Investor Relations portion of our website.

During our remarks, we'll make certain forward-looking statements, which represent our current judgment on what the future may hold. While we believe these judgments are reasonable, these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements. Please refer to our filings with the SEC for a full discussion of the factors that may affect any forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise after this conference call. During the call this morning, we will be referring to non-GAAP measures as defined and reconciled in our earnings materials.

Now I'd like to turn the call over to Craig.

Craig Donohue

Good morning, and thank you for joining us to review our third quarter results. Building on our year-to-date momentum, Cboe delivered another quarter of strong net revenue and adjusted earnings growth. We also took 2 significant steps to strengthen the foundation of our company. At the end of September, we signed a 25-year extension of our exclusive licensing agreement with S&P Dow Jones Indices. It's our longest agreement with S&P to date and extends our collaboration through 2051.

Then in October, we received approvals to offer security-based KPI contracts on 23 companies creating a new avenue for innovation in financial markets. Together, these milestones provide a long runway to drive growth for years to come. I'll share some high-level comments before handing the call over to Jill for a financial update.

During the third quarter, Cboe grew net revenue 18% year-over-year to $712 million and adjusted diluted EPS increased a robust 36% to $3.63. The strong results continued to be broad-based, driven by double-digit net revenue growth in every major category and year-over-year net revenue growth in 4 of our 5 company segments.

Beginning with our derivatives business, we delivered another very strong quarter with net revenue up 22% year-over-year to $402 million. Index options led the way with third quarter average daily volume rising 24% year-over-year to 6.1 million contracts. Multi-list activity was also solid with volumes growing 10% year-over-year in the third quarter. Within the index complex, we saw ADV records across several products and services, including 0DTE SPX options where 0DTE activity made up a record 65% of overall SPX activity.

Mini-SPX options, which averaged 251,000 contracts per day and global trading hours were nearly 250,000 contracts rated per day in the third quarter. Within options, stronger retail engagement was a consistent theme across our products last quarter. In SPX 0DTE, retail volume jumped 46% year-over-year, outpacing institutional growth of 20%. Retail made up an estimated 58% of record SPX 0DTE volume up from 53% a year ago.

In XSP, total volume more than doubled as compared to the third quarter of 2025, driven largely by retail following the June repeal of the Pattern Day Trader rule. And it's not just U.S. retail, GTH volume jumped over 130%, led by the Asian trading session which now makes up over 30% of GTH volume, up from less than 20% a year ago. That success is a culmination of a long process of onboarding local brokers in the APAC region and extensive education and marketing efforts. We're excited to build on that momentum with our recent launch of extended early trading hours for single stuck options announced earlier this month which will enable more international customers to trade U.S. options in their local hours.

While SPX growth was very strong last quarter, VIX options volume was more muted, with ADV up just 3% year-over-year. That's a result of a very stable volatility environment with the VIX stain in the type 14 to 20 range and giving investors a few opportunities to monetize their views. Through the early part of the fourth quarter, though, we've seen the environment change markedly. Volatility has picked up heading into year-end amid rising bond yields and growing geopolitical uncertainty, leading to more investors turning to VIX options to hedge. VIX call volume hit its highest daily level in over 2 years earlier in October, surpassing any day during last year's liberation day sell-off when the VIX hit a high of over 50.

The rapidly changing market backdrop is a good reminder of why options remain the tool of choice for most investors. Linear products like single stock futures or perpetual futures may provide leverage and directional exposure, but losses are unbounded and positions may get liquidated quickly if market conditions turn. Options work differently. Investors are able to define their max loss upfront while keeping full exposure to the upside. When volatility rises and gap risk increases that defined risk matters most. It's why the vast majority of 0DTE trading happens in capped risk structures.

Options are also more than a directional bet. Investors use them for income, hedging and volatility management making them among the most versatile instruments available. We see them as a different type of product from linear derivatives, not a substitute and it's a big reason SPX options volume has kept growing across market cycles and volatility regimes.

A landmark achievement during the quarter was the signing of a 25-year extension of our exclusive licensing agreement with S&P Dow Jones Indices, which continues our collaboration through 2051. Cementing this relationship was the longest agreement we have had in our over 4-decade history with S&P. It gives customers and shareholders the certainty and continuity they expect and a long runway to invest in the franchise. Few relationships are as woven into Cboe's foundation as this one. It began in 1983 with the launch of SPX options an innovation that has become the global standard for how investors gain and manage equity market exposure. Under the extended agreement, we will continue to have the exclusive rights to offer trading in SPX options and our exclusivity continues across the S&P options products we offer today, including Mini-SPX, VIX and S&P binary options.

We anticipate collaborating with S&P Dow Jones to pursue innovation beyond traditional index derivatives, including new products like exchange traded, centrally cleared tokenized option contracts where our exclusivity carries over. As Jill will cover from a financial perspective, there is no change to the 2026 royalty fee terms, and we anticipate the updated terms will have a de minimis impact on 2027 net revenue growth.

As we evolve and expand our derivatives business, we're excited to bring new products to market in the prediction market space. In June, we launched our first Cboe Predicts product, binary options on the Mini S&P 500 Index. We have seen some initial interest, and we anticipate adoption of this product and future products to accelerate as our broker-dealer partners roll out dedicated user interfaces over the coming months. We expect these interfaces to offer simple, illustrative graphics and point-and-click trading, making it even easier for new derivatives customers to express their views on market outcomes.

Beyond binaries, we have received SEC approval to expand Cboe Predicts with our offering of company KPI event contracts. Additionally, the SEC has approved our filing to temporarily clear these innovative contracts through Cboe Clear U.S. Both applications were filed in late June, and we anticipate a November product launch. That time line reflects significant progress across concept, regulation, clearing and distribution. This work is a direct result of investing in the right talent and capabilities to deliver solutions for investors. What stands out is how quickly we moved while staying true to our principles on market integrity. We've built these products as securities which provide retail and institutional investors with the transparency and investor protections they have come to expect from Cboe.

Just as important as how the contracts trade is how we bring them to market. In September, we announced Robinhood as our launch partner and have seen strong interest and support from Interactive Brokers and Schwab. By working across our distribution partners and our intermediated network, we reach investors where they trade with the protections they know. Distribution breadth is an advantage that a closed vertically integrated system cannot match, and we believe it is why our KPI contracts are well positioned to scale. This is the first step in our broader Event Contract strategy.

As we look to build on this foundation, we will analyze how KPI contracts scale alongside traditional equity options and futures products and collaborate with market participants to develop new offerings. Over time and supported by our enhanced clearing capabilities, we see an opportunity to expand into other asset classes, bundling new products with existing products and capabilities across trading and data resulting in an ecosystem that deepens with each addition.

In order for Cboe's event contracts to scale and for prediction markets to thrive over the long term, they need to rest on the sound legal framework Congress has already established, one that is built on clarity, not compromised. Event contracts based on securities, indices or on corporate performance metrics that issuers disclose as material to their actual reported financial or operating performance, such as earnings and revenue, meet the definition of a security and squarely fall within SEC jurisdiction.

What a platform chooses to call a product does not change that, allowing these products to trade outside the securities laws risks creating a shadow securities market, one where investors take on securities risk without the registration, disclosure and market integrity protection the law requires. We've built our products and securities, so investors can benefit from the safeguards against manipulation and insider trading that no alternative framework can replicate. We also believe that the filings and self-certifications behind event contracts should be public without large portions that are unavailable for public review so that market participants can assess the risk.

The success of prediction markets will depend on both innovation and investor confidence. Clear rules, consistent oversight and strong market protections have helped make U.S. capital markets the envy of the world, applying those same principles to prediction markets will strengthen competition, foster responsible innovation and build lasting trust.

Moving to cash and spot markets. Net revenue grew 12% year-over-year to $131 million with growth across our 3 segments. Global FX delivered another very strong quarter, with net revenue up 23% to $28 million as average daily notional value increased 22%. The North American Equities net revenue increased 10% to $114 million with net transaction and clearing fees up 16% on improved net capture rates for our U.S. on-exchange activity.

In Europe and Asia Pacific, net revenue increased 6% to $73 million, driven by growth in net transaction and clearing fees and partially offset by softer market data and access fees. The segment includes Cboe Australia through the closing of its sale on July 31. As we noted last quarter, cash equities remain one of the most dynamic asset classes in the world today. We remain ready to extend cash equities trading to 23/5 this December pending industry readiness and looking further out, we continue to explore tokenized solutions on the path to 24/7.

Turning now to Data Vantage. Net revenue increased 13% year-over-year. New subscription and unit sales continue to grow, driven by higher market volumes and strong international demand. We continue to pursue expansion of new data sets, analytics and index products within our data vantage portfolio.

Before I turn the call over to Jill, I'd like to welcome Catherine Grover, who will join Cboe as Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer on November 16. Cathy joins us from PNC, where she spent more than 29 years in HR leadership and business roles, most recently as Executive Vice President, Human Resources. Cathy's experience will help us attract, develop and retain the exceptional talent our ambitions require. I would also like to thank Jill for her leadership as Interim Chief Human Resources Officer throughout this search.

Jill Griebenow

Thanks, Craig. Cboe posted another quarter of strong results, reflecting positive execution across our core businesses. Diluted EPS reached a record $4.08, helped by a gain from the sale of our Cboe Australia business. And on an adjusted basis, diluted EPS rose 36% year-over-year to $3.63.

Before turning to the segment results, I'll walk through a few high-level takeaways from the quarter. Net revenue increased 18% versus the third quarter of 2025, finishing at $712 million. Double-digit growth continued across all categories, led by our derivatives business. Specifically, derivatives net revenue increased 22% as volume growth across our proprietary index options and multi-list products drove the category performance.

Data Vantage net revenue was up 13% on a year-over-year basis, driven by continued growth in new unit sales and Cash and Spot Markets net revenue rose 12%. Adjusted operating expenses came in at $204 million, down 3% year-over-year, while adjusted operating EBITDA grew 28% to $522 million. Adjusted operating EBITDA margin expanded 5.8 percentage points to 73.3% in the third quarter, reflecting strong revenue performance and expense discipline.

Turning to the key drivers of the quarter by segment. Our press release in the appendix of our slide deck include information detailing the key metrics for our business segments. So I'll provide some highlights for each. Options growth remained robust with net revenue up 23% year-over-year, driven by a 24% increase in net transaction and clearing fees. Total options ADV climbed 14% including a 24% increase in index options volume and a 10% increase in multi-listed options volume. The revenue per contract for our options business rose 9% year-over-year, a result of continued mix shift towards index options, coupled with a 3% increase in the index options rate per contract.

North American Equities net revenue increased 10% versus the third quarter of 2025 led by a 16% increase in net transaction and clearing fees from higher on-exchange net capture. Europe and APAC net revenue improved 6% year-over-year or 7% on a constant currency basis with net clearing fees up 31% as investments in Cboe Clear Europe continued to gain traction. Futures net revenue was down 5% from the third quarter of 2025 due to lower net transaction and clearing fees given lower VIX futures activity. Lastly, turning to global FX. Net revenue rose 23% year-over-year, driven by a 22% increase in average daily notional value.

Moving to our Cboe Data Vantage business. Net revenues increased by 13% compared to the third quarter of 2025. access and capacity fees were up 16%, accounting for approximately 82% of the year-over-year growth, with the remainder coming from proprietary market data. New subscription and unit sales continue to drive growth on the back of healthy market activity and strong international demand. On the expense side, total adjusted operating expenses came in at $204 million, down 3% year-over-year. The decline was driven by lower compensation and benefit reflecting reduced salaries and wages following our strategic realignment, along with lower travel and promotional spend.

Before discussing forward guidance, I'd like to briefly cover 2 notable items, which impacted the quarter's GAAP financials, both of which are excluded from our adjusted results. In September, we recorded a $14 million incremental reserve on our notes receivable from CAT LLC, the operator of the consolidated audit trail reflecting a change in our assessment of the probability that CAT LLC will recover certain historical costs. Separately, the sale of Cboe Australia to TMX Group closed on July 31 resulting in a net gain of $71.5 million in the third quarter.

The Cboe Australia gain is nontaxable, which lowered our GAAP effective tax rate to 22.8% down 5.8 percentage points from 28.6% in the second quarter. On an adjusted basis, the effective tax rate was 27.6% down 0.9 points sequentially and within our full year guidance range of 27.5% to 29.5%.

Turning now to our 2026 guidance. Like last quarter, we will continue to provide organic net revenue growth metrics that exclude the impact of the Cboe Australia sales and will also break out the absolute dollar impact for modeling purposes. Cboe Canada will remain part of our ongoing 2026 guidance until we have more clarity as to the exact time line for closing. We now expect Cboe total organic net revenue growth in 2026 to be in the high teens compared with last quarter's mid- to high teens guidance. We estimate Cboe Australia contributed approximately $20 million in net revenue through July 31, 2026. Factoring in the loss of future revenue, we still expect total net revenue growth to finish in the high teens range for 2026.

For Data Advantage, we now expect 2026 organic net revenue growth in the mid-teens range, up from last quarter's low teens guidance. We estimate Cboe Australia contributed approximately $17 million in 2026 net revenue. Factoring in the loss of future revenue from the sale, we expect total Data Vantage net revenue growth to be in the low to mid-teens in 2026.

As Craig mentioned in his remarks, the impact of the extension of the exclusive licensing agreement with S&P Dow Jones Indices will have no impact on 2026 net revenues as the updated royalty terms will begin in 2027. We anticipate that the increase in 2027 royalty fee terms will have a de minimis impact on 2027 net revenue when considered against expected organic and ecosystem-driven volume growth. pricing optimization opportunities and continued business execution. I would note that the extended contract as structured positioned Cboe for long-term growth with future royalty fee adjustments smaller than the 2027 reset.

Turning to expenses. We have revised our adjusted operating expense guidance to $830 million to $845 million primarily reflecting lower compensation and benefits expenses. As mentioned last quarter, our expense guidance reflects expected savings from the completed Cboe Australia sale. While most Cboe Australia expenses have ceased, we expect to continue to provide transition support and incur some related expense for up to 12 months after closing, subject to operational readiness. While the remaining transition costs are included in our guidance, a majority of the expense will be offset in nonoperating income, making the impact to overall net income in material.

Also consistent with last quarter, our guidance includes $20 million to $25 million of 2026 savings from our strategic reagent, and we remain on track to hit our annualized run rate of $40 million to $50 million. Running out 2026 guidance, CapEx is unchanged from prior quarter guidance at $98 million to $108 million. This reflects continued investment across our business, along with inflationary pressure on technology-related costs. Two drivers that we anticipate will persist going forward. On investment, we will be deliberate in deploying capital behind opportunities we believe will drive long-term profitable growth, including KPIs, clearing and extended market hours.

Regarding inflationary pressure, we are seeing AI-driven demand raising hardware and software prices across both our CapEx and OpEx, and we do not expect that to abate in the near future. We will continue to proactively manage both areas with the same rigor we have demonstrated to deliver attractive returns to shareholders. We continue to expect depreciation and amortization in the range of $54 million to $58 million. And our outlook for the full year effective tax rate on adjusted earnings remains in the range of 27.5% to 29.5% under current tax laws.

Finally, while we don't formally guide interest income or expense, we expect net interest income, income net of expense, to contribute $12 million to $13 million positively in the fourth quarter, given higher cash balances and higher market interest rates. In addition, we anticipate a $2 million positive quarterly impact to nonoperating income from the transition services agreement with TMX. This has an immaterial impact on overall net income as it recoups expenses included within our expense guidance for providing transition support related to Cboe Australia.

Concluding with capital allocation, our strong capital and cash position provide us with the ability to invest in organic or inorganic growth, prudently manage our debt and return capital to shareholders. We maintain significant balance sheet flexibility with adjusted cash of $2.7 billion and a leverage ratio of 0.7x. As we highlighted last quarter, we continue to anticipate repaying $650 million of senior notes maturing in the first quarter of 2027 with cash on hand.

In the third quarter, we returned $146 million to shareholders, up 35% as compared to the second quarter. This included $56 million of share repurchases and a $90 million dividend payment of $0.86 per share. In addition, last week, we announced a $550 million increase to our share repurchase authorization bringing total capacity to approximately $1 billion when added to our outstanding authorization as of October 28. With this added flexibility, we will continue to evaluate repurchases based on our share price trading window and other capital deployment priorities.

With that, I'd like to hand it back to Craig for closing comments.

Craig Donohue

Thank you, Jill. The strong third quarter results reflect Cboe's continued momentum built upon the secular trends that underpin our business. The U.S. equity market remains the bedrock of global capital with the S&P 500 Index at the heart of it. U.S. households continue to grow financial assets and retail investors are playing a bigger role in markets than ever before. Options live where these trends converge and remain among the fastest-growing asset classes with the market expanding and demand building every year. With our exclusive S&P license now secured, we are well positioned at the center of all 3 trends for decades to come.

As we build on the foundation of options growth, Cboe Clear U.S. is creating an innovation lane for Cboe and other market participants with clearing playing a critical role in unlocking opportunity as markets and regulations evolve. CCUS recently received temporary SEC registration to clear securities. This expands its authority beyond futures and swaps, which it clears as a CFTC registered derivatives clearing organization to include security products. CCUS will initially use its SEC registration to clear Cboe's company KPI contracts. It also recently received CFTC approval to clear a broad range of margin futures products, and it continues to clear digital asset derivatives under its DCO registration.

Over the past year, we have strengthened CCUS' risk management and resilience, including electing to become a subpart C DCO, which applies the CFTC's enhanced standards for financial resources, risk management and operational resilience. Over time, we see CCUS complemented U.S. clearing ecosystem and supporting new products and emerging asset classes across the industry, while our long-standing relationship with OCC in traditional equity options continues.

In Europe, our clearance strategy is well underway. Cboe Clear Europe is a leading pan-European equities clearinghouse, and has expanded into adjacent markets such as securities financing transactions with momentum building as we broaden the offering. While expanding our clearing capabilities, we are extending when and where customers can trade. This month, with the help of our partners at the OCC, we launched extended trading hours for options on 24 single stocks and 5 ETFs with premarket trading starting at 7:30 a.m. Eastern Time and a post-market session after the close. The new sessions launched smoothly on October 19, with Cboe capturing 63% of morning and 91% of curb volume during the first week.

In cash equities, we are moving towards 23/5 trading in December pending industry readiness and planning for 24/7 over time. Advancing these priorities in parallel is a significant undertaking, but we have the team and the capabilities to deliver. We are investing today to drive long-term growth and create value for our shareholders. I am excited about Cboe's direction, and I look forward to updating you on progress in the quarters ahead.

Kenneth Hill

At this point, we'll open the line for questions. To allow time for everyone, please limit yourself to one question per person. Feel free to reenter the queue, and if time permits, we'll take a second question.

Operator

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Patrick Moley with Piper Sandler.

分析師問答

Patrick Moley

Congratulations on getting the S&P contract route. Just want to start there. So you've talked about the 2027 royalty reset as being de minimis to revenue growth. Could you just maybe walk us through the pricing levers that you're planning to use to offset the step up? And then have you communicated any of these pricing changes to your customers? And I guess what gives you the confidence that the pricing changes are not going to impact -- or not have a negative impact on volumes?

Unknown Executive

Yes. Thanks, Patrick. I can take that, and hopefully, Jill can jump in. I think obviously, Cboe has delivered some of the strongest really most consistent growth in the exchange base over the last several years. And we're committed to keep that going. We're excited about the 25-year extension like we talked about. On the future impact, really, we expect, as we've mentioned, the impact on '27 net revenue growth to really be de minimis. And the reason really, as you mentioned, several layers to manage it.

The first one is really organic volume growth across the ecosystem. Just this past quarter, Q3 index option volumes were up 24%. We had a had a bunch of product-specific records, including 0DTE. We mentioned hit 65% of SPX activity, and we're really planning to build on that. we're investing really to drive more retail participation and adding new ways to extend hours, as we've talked about. We think the launch on extending GTH in single names was a big benefit just to overall the overall portfolio.

I would say second, probably the most direct, honestly, from a pricing perspective, the SPX complex hasn't really been adjusted in really a number of years. And we've got an opportunity to optimize our fees for today's environment. So that gives us a lot of flexibility to strike the balance with our customers.

And then really third is execution. We're executing well on our priorities, on our growth strategy. We feel really good about the platform we've built to do that. And so looking forward, that's really where our focus will be. as with everything, pricing goes up over time. So I think we've been communicating that with our trading participants, our members. But we think, given how strong the environment is that we have a lot to work with when it comes to pricing going forward.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Dan Fannon with Jefferies.

Daniel Fannon

So Data Vantage continues to come in higher than expected. You guys have raised guidance in each quarter of this year. Can you talk about the biggest delta in terms of your original expectations and what's come through. And as you think about the building blocks for next year, how we should think about growth and the sustainability of the activity or demand that you've seen thus far?

Unknown Executive

Thanks, Dan. In terms of Data Vantage, yes, we had record revenues in 3Q. We were up 13%, as Jill noted, if you actually exclude Australia, which was in for 1 quarter this month versus 3 last year, we were up about 16%. So we're seeing strong growth. If you look at it on a year-over-year basis, we grew by $20 million. All 4 of the functions in Data Vantage grew in rank order. Our growth was driven by access than market data, followed by analytics and indices.

In terms of the access growth, that was primarily driven by connectivity to our options exchanges. We saw a double-digit AV growth year-over-year in both our index and multi-list volume. So that drove some of the growth. We also had good momentum on the equity side as clients continue to widen out and use our dedicated cores offering. So that also drove part of the growth there.

In terms of market data, we continue to see strong growth there. Again, 80% plus of our growth is coming from new subscriptions or new license sales. So that's driving good growth. And year-to-date, a majority of our sales are coming from outside the U.S. And even when we look forward and we look at our sales pipeline, we anticipate we'll continue to see strong growth from outside of the U.S., and that's really driven by the secular trend of overseas investors wanting access to the U.S. marketplace.

The areas that we see a lot of growth from outside the U.S. include Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong. Those are some of the markets that are driving the growth across our markets. We'll continue to see from our perspective, strong growth going forward as well. Again, this is underpinned by the core secular trends we're seeing in our business. You see that in volumes across our options platforms and more connectivity across the board. So we'll give you guidance next quarter, but we anticipate to continue the strong growth in Data Vantage.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Alex Kramm with UBS.

Alex Kramm

Just a super quick follow-up to Patrick's question on the [ SPX ]. It sounds like -- and I think you confirmed that there will be continued increases to the royalty fees in the years following. I think it may actually be an annual thing. I think S&P said, maybe you can confirm that. But do you think that will -- you will continue to be able to pass those through, so we should expect units impact or negative impact even for the next decade or even the whole life of the contract? How do you think about long term as really the question?

Jill Griebenow

Thanks, Alex, for the question. I can take this one. So as we alluded to, 2027 is the first step up. We haven't gone into details as to the increment after that but 2027 is the largest step-up with the moderating a bit starting in 2028. What I'll just say is we're committed to continuously driving long-term net revenue growth. We have a really good track record of doing so. Now that we have this, let's call it extension in hand, we're planning accordingly. So making investments in the business to drive the outer-year growth.

Craig Donohue

Alex, it's Craig. Maybe just one addition to that now and working through the long-term extension with S&P, we absolutely believe that just looking at over the long course of history with our 43 years of experience with S&P, we've always had [indiscernible] growth has exceeded what we are expecting in terms of the future royalty payments. So we're very comfortable with the structure that we've agreed to with S&P.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Ben Budish with Barclays.

Benjamin Budish

I was just wondering if you could talk a little bit more about the rollout plans for the single-stock KPIs. I'm curious in particular about market maker readiness, how are they thinking about being able to effectively hedge risk and what are maybe the implications for longer-term institutional adoption? I recall, over the last several years, you guys would talk a lot about growth in the long-term data sets for 0DTEs, which kind of encouraged institutions to continue to participate. So curious how market makers are thinking about this product and what that may mean for the longer tail of institutional opportunity there.

Robert Hocking

Yes. Thanks for the question, Ben. This is Rob. So as we mentioned on the call, we're targeting sometime in November, pending really clearing member broker and market maker readiness. I just want to remind everyone, we're introducing a second securities clearing house for the first time in over 53 years. And so that's just taking some time to make sure everyone's connected and ready to trade. On the Market Maker readiness, we've got a number of market makers at different stages, but we're confident that the screens will be lit on day 1 and like any launch. I'm sure the market makers will start a bit slow and then tighten spreads as liquidity builds. And so we're confident in that front.

On the broker side, Robinhood and Interactive Brokers will be there to support client access on day one. And we've got an additional pipeline of brokers working through their onboarding processes. And it's a great thing about our intermediated model, I would add. Every broker that connects just keep adding to the same pool of liquidity, which we think will be a big benefit for the users of these products.

On the volume, as far as our volume projections, honestly, that's not really where our focus is. This is about really building the right foundation with the right investor protections that we can grow steadily over time. So on a trading mix to start, we expect this -- and I know I've said this in the past, we expect it to look a lot like 0DTE did, retail led early on and then institutions follow as those historical data sets become available and as they can model how these metrics relate to various stock prices.

From our early conversations, we think institutional demand will come from places like hedge funds, call it, single stock portfolio managers who want to hedge or take a view on that specific driver of the stock. So I think data revenue, in particular, without really taking on the whole earnings event as a whole. When it comes to how that evolves, kind of the back end of your question, I do think this will build data sets just like we've seen the multi-list market evolve over time into the index market. I think that data will be incredibly valuable.

When I think of things like even consensus on a stock, right now, consensus is usually driven by opinion, and this is coming out saying what they think, looking at looking at different elements to that company. I think where this market can develop and where these data sets can develop is where you start to create indices on consensus where people are actually trading what the consensus will be on a particular name. And as that evolves, I think the market will evolve to match that demand. And I think it's just going to become a very interesting space over time. But so far, we feel very prepared, I would say, for the launch here in November.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Eli Abboud with Bank of America.

Elias Abboud

How quickly do you expect to exhaust the $1 billion repurchase authorization? And then once that authorization is exhausted, it looks like there will still be another couple of billion dollars on the balance sheet. So my question is, how much cash do you need to run this business? What's the plan for the rest? And has your calculus on capital allocation changed following the SPX renewal?

Jill Griebenow

Thanks for the question, Eli. So what I will just say is that I won't -- I can't put specifics as to your detailed questions there. But really, what it comes down to is our capital allocation priorities really have not changed. I'd say both, first and foremost, we're really focused on continued investment in the business. We've had a wonderful track record with our organic growth. We see some good opportunities there. We continue to pay a quarterly dividend. So we typically review that in the third quarter.

If you look back to August, we did increase that dividend rate about 19%. We'll continue to be opportunistic as it relates to share repurchases. We came out last week, obviously, with an increase to the share repurchase authorization given the healthy balance sheet, the cash on hand, we'll go after that where and when it makes sense.

And then finally, as it relates to M&A, we look at that but only where it makes strategic and financial sense. So really, what it comes down to is we like the flexibility of our strong balance sheet. We'll continue to allocate the capital accordingly.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Bill Katz with TD Cowen.

William Katz

I was wondering if you could expand a little bit more on the incremental opportunity for the KPIs I heard you sort of finish up the last question on just the indices. But can you talk about how quickly this might be able to ramp beyond the initial '23 stocks and 100 KPIs. I'd be curious how you think about that on a global opportunity. And then what are you hearing from the distributors you have linked up with, I think, like 75 incremental brokerage accounts that have been announced so far? And what are the pipelines behind that, do you think you might look to add the KPIs?

Robert Hocking

Yes. Thanks, Bill. This is Rob. Maybe I'll start with -- we're building this market slowly, I would say. Even on pricing, fees will be waived through the end of '26. Right now, the priority is adoption, not really revenue. So when we do bring in fees, you should expect kind of a per contract model notionally consistent with how the pricing is on our other options. So it's competitive for both brokers and liquidity providers.

But on structure, we started with binaries for a reason and kind of this, yes, no on a reported number is just the simplest way to introduce a new kind of exposure and get the customers squared away right away, right? This is a new exposure, a new way to get new investors into the market. Over time, though, we see room to extend the category think more companies, more metrics, more strikes, ranges around each metric even potentially option style payouts as institutions get more involved and we want more precise exposure that's really the path Multi-List and SPX followed. You start simple, let customers tell you what they want and then build out the product set.

So we'll let demand drive the sequencing. I would say it's really hard to say where this market turns into. I've been very kind of public in meeting saying the thesis of this is really being built on the back end of sports right now. Sports are the majority of the prediction markets that are trading. I think, and I can see where the valuation component and these metrics and the ability to trade, the ability to trade a backward-looking metric, not a forward prediction metric I think, has real value in the market. But unfortunately, I'm sure I would be wrong if I tried to predict how fast and how it would grow.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Brian Bedell with Deutsche Bank.

Brian Bedell

Maybe just continuing along the company KPIs and the institutional part of that. So how are you thinking about the plan to market this to institutions Obviously, building liquidity is going to be an essential part of that. But are you initially working with institutional users to gauge, which types of of companies and PIs you can launch to appease that market? And would the institutions be able to connect directly to Cboe or they had to go through an SCM.

And then if you could just elaborate a little bit more on that pricing. I think you said similar to options, but maybe which kind of options or maybe said differently, would you expect these event contracts to sort of be in line with the current event contract pricing in the industry?

Unknown Executive

Sure. Let me see if I can unpack that a bit. And maybe it will be good to just give kind of an overall view of how we're looking at the KPI market. First, I'll attack the competition side. So we welcome competition. We just want to make sure we've been public same. I just want to make sure everybody is playing by the same rules, but we expect kind of this KPI binary market to develop to be a multi-listed market over time. Frankly, we think that's a good thing for the market. And I think that plays into both retail and institutional adoption. That's really how the listed options market became, call it a multitrillion dollar market. You standardize the contracts, you provide central clearing lots of brokers, venues all kind of helping the whole category grow.

So it's a complicated landscape right now. I'll even address from the SEC side, you had MEMEX submit a filing, you've had [indiscernible] submit a filing, you've had NASDAQ sumit a filing, all looking very similar on that side. We think we have a big advantage being first mover. Obviously, we've built a clearing solution to support the launch. We really believe in this intermediated model and quite frankly, would be open to providing, call it, post-trade clearing services where we can benefit the larger market.

Now on the CFTC side, you have competitors like Kalshi, Polymarket, Rothera. One thing I'd say with all of this is it tells you that the category is real. The products are real. We think the opportunity is real. But I will tell you, like, one, the products aren't the same on our SEC regulated products traded on a registered exchange. They come with securities law, insider trading protections, all things we've gone through, but that's going to be very important for brokers and institutions to adopt something like that. So I want to highlight that because I think that's a critical piece.

Where this goes, yes, we're talking with all of the institutional players. Once again, like 0DTE, we anticipate they will be slower to adopt something like this. but there's interest because when you think about how you decompose a stock's valuation, these components all feed that. Right now, the only way to trade those components, to hedge those components, whether you're talking about chip sales, car manufacturing. The only way to trade those is through the stocks themselves, we're going to offer a way to effectively get more granular in that risk and offset that risk in ways that just aren't available.

And so institutions are very interested in this. They have massive stock portfolios. They have massive exposure. It's why multi-list options continue to grow. It's why the options industry is trading 70 million contracts ADV right now. So we see that growing in that way. The institutions see it. I think everyone is aligned. More than anything, it's how do you build the foundation in a way that supports that long-term growth. And that's why I kind of went through the landscape. That's why we're doing it on the SEC side and in a matter that we think in the intermediated model that can scale to support all of the different players.

Brian Bedell

And just to be clear, these couldn't be multi-listed, I don't think, right? In other words, if you list the contract, it's got to clear through CCUS. Yes, NASDAQ can come up with the same type of contract, but they would be clearing it through their internal agency rather than a multi-list horizontal OCC clearing arrangement.

Craig Donohue

It's Craig. I would expect that as these markets develop as we get traction. Others will list these types of products. In many cases, they certainly are amenable to be multi-listed and standardized. Our view and what we're thinking about is, first of all, we think that's -- for these kinds of things like KPI, that's a superior kind of market structure. Those markets have the potential to scale to be akin to what we see in like options and equities.

So first of all, we think we have an ecosystem advantage versus the event and prediction markets. Part of the strategy that we have with CCUS is not only to build that out in support of our own innovations in these new areas, but all to work with other market participants as an open facility so that they have a clearing solution if they need it. So I can't speak for other sort of exchanges and platforms, but we certainly envision expanding and opening CCUS to be able to help facilitate transactions for them as well.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Jeff Schmitt with William Blair.

Jeffrey Schmitt

Could your expanded best clearing capabilities eventually support products like perpetual futures? And if you enter that market, I guess, could cross margining against existing Cboe products provide a competitive advantage.

Craig Donohue

Yes. Great question. Happy to take that on, too. I think under -- so maybe just to start with, we have a very long-standing, very successful partnership with OCC. We're super committed to the existing market structure for the listed options market. And we envision continuing to work with them very, very closely. At the same time, CCUS is really designed kind of like a blank canvas in a way that we can start to develop operational, technical and risk engine, risk model type capabilities that are really designed to address the kind of nascent evolving market.

There's a lot of innovation that's happening across the marketplace, things like tokenization, things like perpetuals, things like financial and economic-based event and prediction markets. And so that's really the idea behind CCUS is to develop something that allows us to be innovative, come to market, support other organizations who are trying to do the same thing. And wherever we can, we're a customer-focused organization. So wherever we can maximize capital margin across cross margin efficiencies, payment efficiencies for market participants, we're going to try to work with our partners to try to accomplish that.

So we need these markets to develop a little bit before we can do that, but that would certainly be within our contemplation. So -- and wherever we can find ways to work with in a preferential way, we will always do that. It just makes sense. They have scope, they have scale. We have a great working relationship and history with them. So they will always be our preferred partner wherever possible.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Alex Blostein with Goldman Sachs.

Alexander Blostein

So I wanted to ask you guys a question just around the pace of investing versus spending as you sort of think about the next leg of growth of the company. You've made a number of steps. You rationalize both the businesses and the expense base. But on a go-forward basis, kind of beyond this year more on a multiyear basis, how should we be thinking about the expense trajectory and I guess, more importantly, the operating margins are now running in the low 70s, which is, I think, the highest it's ever been. What is the sort of steady state for margins in this business over time as you see it unfold over the next few years?

Jill Griebenow

I can start with the back part of your question. What I'll say is we don't guide to a specific margin. What [ you'll ] see is an output of our growing revenues and a function of managing the expenses. It will likely fluctuate over time, though, just depending upon the investment cycle.

To the earlier part of your question, we did take actions earlier this year, our strategic realignment that did result in a number of cost savings throughout 2026. Really, what we're looking to do is to determine where to best invest our people, our resources, center that around the areas for growth. but we're still going to do it in a, what I'll call, a balanced or moderated approach from an expense management perspective. So not to go into details on to 2027, just yet, we'll share that guidance in early February, but just know it will be measured.

As we alluded to earlier, we do a lot of organic investments. We have a lot of opportunities there. We have a good track record on the investments we've made organically for the years and the returns that they've produced. So we're holding in on capital needs, whether it be OpEx, CapEx. I alluded to in my prepared remarks, some of the price escalations we're seeing from a technology perspective, but we are being very, very thoughtful as to how we balance this holistically. So more details will be shared in early February.

But again, really light to margins, but we don't guide to a specific margin just want to be thoughtful to continue to invest for that future net revenue growth, while again, moderating the expenses.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Michael Cyprys with Morgan Stanley.

Michael Cyprys

I wanted to ask about SPX. Starting with the Mini-SPX, really impressive growth of over 100% in the quarter. Can you talk about what you see driving that strength? How much of that is coming from the Pattern Day Trader rule repeal? How big of an opportunity could this be for the mini over time? And then more broadly, on the regular size, SPX contract growth continues to be impressive there. As you look out from here, what do you see as key drivers of growth as we move forward into next couple of years?

Robert Hocking

Yes. Thanks, Michael. This is Rob. It's been a real strong run. I agree it's 0DTE just touching there has averaged almost 3.2 million contracts in the third quarter. I would say October is tracking, call it, about 12% higher. Really on the retail platforms, I'd say 3 things are driving the volume, not only in XSP but just kind of more broadly. As you mentioned, the Pattern Day Trader repeal removed a real barrier. We're seeing they're seeing it in order counts, not just volume. So there's just more customers are placing more smaller orders which is great to see. That was the intent of repealing that rule.

[indiscernible] better tools and education, brokers are making it easier to trade spreads and defined risk strategies. As we've said, 0DTE has been tracking around 95% defined risk strategies, kind of since inception, that stayed very consistent. And that percentage holds as the market continues to grow and brokers are just making it easier to trade, I would say, strategies like that. And then as you highlighted with XSP, it's really the right-sized products. XSP gives smaller accounts access to that same exposure and XSP volumes grew almost 30% quarter-over-quarter and they're trending up, call it, another 16% in Q4.

So as I look to 27, we really see the next leg of growth coming from a few places. One, more international demand. We keep on boarding brokers in APAC and Europe. And a lot of the ones already onboarded, I would say, are still in early days of offering our products Second, you heard us focus on in Craig's prepared remarks, more trading in GTH. The overnight session volume in SPX grew 117% year-over-year in the third quarter. And the GTH and curb sessions overall have set quarterly records. So you're just seeing people want to get in the store more frequently and longer hours and we're opening up that access.

And then last, institutions are a big one. They keep using and asking for more short-dated options to hedge and really fine-tune exposures around different events. And I'll add, that's not just an index trend. We're seeing that in 0DTE growth in the single names too. As a reminder, earlier in the year, we launched Monday and Wednesday terms and a select number of single name options. And in 2 of the more popular names, NVIDIA and Tesla, 0DTE trading went from around 30% to 36% and 40% on to 46% in those 2 names in the third quarter. So demand just keeps really growing. We're really excited about it.

And really, you highlighted XSP, but it really comes back to -- and we've said this before, it's kind of a toolkit. Make sure you have every notional size, make sure you have every different risk exposure. We're just trying to collectively put that all into the portfolio and thus far it's working and the portfolio continues to grow.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Dan Weldon with Wells Fargo.

Daniel F. Welden

I kind of had a broader one on retail engagement. I jumped up from in the slide deck that the options institute iterations are up so much quarter-over-quarter. So I guess how are you thinking about that? And then broadly, how are you measuring sort of like whether AI tools, Agentic products are driving more retail investors to engage with options?

Robert Hocking

Yes. We've been excited about the expansion of a lot of the OI initiatives. We've been heavily focused, I would say, on the international front, introducing excuse me, new curriculum in locally sourced languages. I think all that's helping. You've seen the international demand that I've already talked about how that's growing with more brokers wanting to be connected and to expand in those markets. We've seen a tremendous growth just in our new education portal, which is the direct portal where investors can log in and kind of take classes. It had a great turnout. We've seen very steady growth. I can't -- I don't remember the number off the top of my head, but rate at which the growth has been happening, we've been very, very pleased with.

We've been doing a lot more, I would say, options institute outreach. If I refer to -- I got to go to the Robinhood Hood Summit this year, and we had the Options Institute, Stacy Gilbert on stage with Henry Schwartz talking through all of the benefits that options can provide. And we had great feedback from that event the retail community. So we just continue to look for ways to expand look for ways to continue to kind of introduce more and more education because we think that's really the foundation for the long-term growth of where we want to go to.

And apologies, did I miss the second part of your question? Or was that...

Daniel F. Welden

It was sort of related to whether AI tools are making options more acceptable. It's a hard thing to measure, but...

Robert Hocking

It is. I would say we don't have a good measurement as of yet. I think we're learning how people are using AI to really trade I would say -- and this is just me talking, I anticipate it speeding up trading. What you need for a genic trading are good data sources. You need defined risk, short dated, all of those different things to build AI strategies around. And we think that our portfolio really suits that quite well. So I envision as investors get more and more comfortable using AI to build strategies, build bots that can help them analyze different market trends that you'll start to see that actually pick up and drive faster trading.

One thing I've always said that when I ran a trading book was one of the things to be a good trader is you have to remove all a motion from your training. People tend to hold their losers longer, they tend to get rid of their winners faster. When you introduce things like AI, it helps an investor do that. because it becomes very systematic in nature. It's why you've seen the algorithmic growth in our products, I think, so much. And so I think AI is lots of opportunity and can offer a lot of benefit to investors moving forward, and we'll continue to track it as the best we can and figure out how to integrate it where it makes sense.

Operator

Your last question comes from the line of Simon Clinch with Rothschild & Co Redburn.

Simon Alistair Clinch

Apologies if this has already been answered, I kept getting some drop offs on the call, unfortunately. Craig, I just wanted to jump back to the KPI contracts. And some of the things you were talking about in terms of the competitive environment and your relationships with partners. And I'm just curious as certain of your many distribution partners in the space seem interested in actually launching their own products within this kind of arena. And I was wondering how you think about that kind of long-term competitive friction between hearing volume towards products where they have -- they capture more of the economics versus, I guess, the large liquidity-based products that CBOE might be able to offer them.

Craig Donohue

Yes. Thank you. Good question. I'm happy to address that. I think there's maybe 2 different elements to responding to that. One is that we're currently operating in an environment where there's a high degree of flexibility with respect to how you can offer these kind of products. As you well know, we have an unusual situation where these products can be both offered on securities exchanges and cleared through registered securities clearing houses.

And at least for the moment, they appear to also be able to be offered on a designated contract market and cleared through a DCO. And I think what you see is people sort of explore the contours of that and maybe even exploiting some of the differences that exist in terms of the regulatory framework the ability to bring products to market very quickly, et cetera. So I think it's not that surprising.

But I think there's 2 things that we're very focused on. One is that in these products, we believe they are clearly securities. Our reputation and history and brand is based on making the right long-term choice for investors. And we believe that there are substantial differences between the securities regime and the future's regime in terms of the whole aspect of securities markets.

And again, we believe there's just securities. And we believe that we have a so-called better mousetrap in terms of surveillance, market integrity, bringing products to market that offer securities customers, customer protections that are very important to them. And I think it's been the foundation for the growth that we have in both equity markets and equity options markets. while we could do those things, we don't think that's the right way to approach this market.

So that's sort of one element of it. And I think over time, while that may be the current condition, it's very clear to us that it's clear what a definition of the security is that's statutory. It was determined by Congress. There's been 9 decades of not only lawmaking by Congress, but also case law. And we've made these points in public forums. So despite what the current regulatory environment is sort of a [ 40 ] people. We're going to do this the right way. We think doing it the right way is far more sustainable.

The second thing that I would say is, I'm just not -- in these kinds of markets if KPIs, for example, would scale similarly to options markets or securities markets, that won't work very well in a closed market system. One of the reasons why our markets work so well and why we've had extraordinary growth over many, many, many decades, is they're all to all markets and they're nondiscriminatory open access markets.

So all market makers and liquidity providers compete on a level playing field. They're all welcome. All broker-dealer FCMs compete on a level playing field. They're all welcome. That builds a highly scalable financial market structure and an ecosystem that everybody can participate in. So while our head is off and we recognize what people are trying to do in other ways, our NorthStar is what I described.

Operator

We have reached the end of the Q&A session. I will now turn the call back over to the management team for closing remarks.

Kenneth Worthington

Well, thank you, everyone, for joining us. Again, just to reiterate, I mean, we're super pleased to have completed our long-term extension with S&P. We do think it's foundational to everything that we're trying to do. We're at a really interesting and an exciting time, pivoting towards new growth opportunities, building new capabilities. So a lot more to come and excited to talk to you next quarter. Thank you.

Operator

This concludes today's call. Thank you for attending. You may now disconnect.