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油价“战争溢价”持续 美伊冲突与美联储货币政策取向转变

金吾财讯2026年3月2日 07:55
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金吾财讯 | 据新华社报道,2月28日,美国和以色列联合对伊朗发起“先发制人”军事打击,伊朗对以色列及中东地区多处目标予以还击,中东地缘局势进一步升级。

伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队当晚宣布,禁止任何船只通过霍尔木兹海峡。根据报道,伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队已向多艘船只发出警告,称由于美国和以色列的军事侵略以及伊朗的回应,霍尔木兹海峡周边区域存在风险,目前通过该海峡并不安全。

作为世界主要石油供应国,伊朗约330万桶/日的原油产量中,出口量维持在160万至180万桶/日且几乎全部流向东亚,而霍尔木兹海峡是中东产油国的原油出口必经之路,通过这一海峡运输的石油约占全球石油运输总量的五分之一,全球能源供应链当前正面临中断风险。

能源供给端受冲击,引发全球原油市场剧烈波动。周一早盘两大原油期货悉数跳空高开,纽约期油主连一度高见75.33美元,破去年7月以来新高;布伦特原油主连一度高见81.11美元。截至发稿,两者涨幅仍均维持在9%以上,“战争溢价”持续推高油价。

从当前局势来看,冲突的蔓延态势并未得到遏制,反而有进一步升级的可能。综合最新新闻,阿联酋、卡塔尔、巴林、伊拉克、科威特等中东及周边地区多国均报告遭袭。并且当前美国在中东及周边地区至少9个国家的军事基地均被列为伊朗的打击目标。

在此背景下,各大机构纷纷对未来油价走势作出预测,高盛最新报告指出,周末原油市场已计入每桶18美元的风险溢价,这一幅度相当于霍尔木兹海峡全面封锁六周的预期影响。

巴克莱银行分析师在周末的报告中表示,随着中东地区的安全局势不断恶化,布伦特原油价格有可能涨至每桶100美元。瑞银的分析师也向客户指出,市场可能正在预期出现重大供应中断,从而导致布伦特现货价格超过每桶120美元。

汇丰银行资深全球油气分析师金·富斯蒂尔对此有着清醒的判断:伊朗相关风险对油市是“非对称的”,上行空间远大于下行空间,而霍尔木兹海峡的运输安全正是最大变量,“一旦出现短暂中断,布伦特油价可能迅速冲向80美元/桶。”

花旗则预计在美伊局势缓和的情况下,布伦特原油价格将回落至每桶70美元左右,但在此之前仍会存在一定的风险溢价,预计到2026年第二季度将回落至每桶62美元。

除了能源市场,美伊冲突还通过油价传导,深刻影响着美联储的货币政策走向,两者形成紧密的联动关系。

回顾美国1月CPI,1月消费者价格指数(CPI)同比上涨2.4%,环比上涨0.2%。剔除波动较大的食品和能源价格后,当月核心CPI同比上涨2.5%,环比上涨0.3%。其中,住房价格指数是当月推动美国物价指数上涨的最大因素,而能源通胀因汽油价格拖累而环比大跌。不过,电脑等商品价格在1月出现上涨,表明通胀仍在对饱受价格上涨困扰的美国消费者构成压力。

1月CPI数据发布后,资产价格走势震荡,整体上市场仍在交易:“通胀延续改善——降息预期升温”的逻辑。

而本次美伊冲突带来最直接的影响——油价上行,相信会在后续CPI/PCE中显著推高汽油分项数值,也将势必削弱市场对2026年美联储进一步降息的任何预期,进而重置市场对资产定价的交易逻辑。

投资公司Arkevium驻迪拜的研究主管Maxence Visseau分析称,随着市场开始消化美联储不会降息的预期,以及盈亏平衡通胀率扩大,可能会看到收益率曲线急剧陡化。美联储目前已经被困在3.5%到3.75%的利率水平,而通胀率接近3%——能源冲击会让美联储的工作变得更加艰难,并可能迫使其转向鹰派立场。

中信建投认为,2026年特朗普政府希望压平油价,只有油价平稳,才有利于缓解美国Mainstreet 和 Wallstreet矛盾,同时特朗普政府才有空间在全球范围内主导一轮供应链重塑。该机构理解伊朗局势背后是全球供应链重塑的大背景,若伊朗局势未来陷入更大的不确定性,则油价回升幅度和节奏会显著强于之前预期,全球流动性主线将会面临调整。若后续油价重回平稳,则伊朗局势对全球资本市场的扰动也将归于平静。

中信建投进一步指出,若美国经济超预期恶化,或美联储宽松力度不及预期,可能导致美股市场出现较大波动,届时也将对国内市场情绪和风险偏好造成外溢影响。

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