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特朗普正式提名沃什接掌美联储!两大拦路虎在前,降息大计恐被迫搁浅?

FX1682026年3月4日 18:57
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FX168财经报社(北美)讯 美国总统特朗普周三(3月4日)正式提名凯文·沃什(Kevin Warsh)出任下一任美联储主席。白宫表示,提名已提交参议院审议。若获确认,沃什将接替现任主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔(Jerome Powell),并开启为期四年的任期。与此同时,市场普遍认为,特朗普倾向推动更快降息,但在伊朗战争推升能源通胀风险、以及关税政策路径充满不确定性的背景下,未来美联储的政策空间可能反而被进一步压缩。

特朗普正式提名沃什:参议院阻力与鲍威尔调查阴影并存

白宫在周三发布的在线声明中确认,特朗普对沃什的提名已正式递交参议院。值得注意的是,这一递交发生在特朗普一个多月前首次公开表态希望沃什出任美联储主席之后,显示白宫正在加快推进“换帅”进程。

不过,沃什的提名在参议院可能面临程序性阻力。北卡罗来纳州共和党参议员汤姆·蒂利斯(Thom Tillis)表示,在华盛顿特区联邦检察官办公室对鲍威尔的联邦刑事调查被撤销之前,他将阻止沃什的提名在参议院推进。蒂利斯的立场可能导致该提名难以进入参议院全体表决程序,从而拖慢确认进程。

鲍威尔在今年1月中旬曾表示,他正因美联储总部约25亿美元翻修项目以及就该项目在参议院的证词而接受调查。他还表示,“刑事指控的威胁”与他及其他美联储理事拒绝屈从特朗普、拒绝按总统要求更快降息有关。

此外,美联储内部的政治与法律拉锯仍未结束。去年夏天,特朗普曾试图解除美联储理事丽莎·库克(Lisa Cook)的职务。特朗普当时引用其任命的一名住房官员提出的“按揭欺诈”指控作为理由,但外界普遍认为这与库克在利率决策上支持鲍威尔有关。库克否认不当行为,并就特朗普的罢免行动提起诉讼;该案已进入最高法院审理阶段,最高法院今年1月听取了口头辩论,但至今尚未作出裁决。

“降息派”上位在即?伊朗战争与油价冲击令降息更难落地

市场普遍预期,若沃什最终接任美联储主席,其政策取向将更贴近特朗普推动的“更低利率”目标。但分析人士指出,伊朗战争的通胀与油价冲击,可能使沃什即便上任也难以在今年推进更激进的降息路径。

明尼阿波利斯联储主席卡什卡利(Neel Kashkari)周二在金融活动上表示,如果总体通胀在一段时间内被拉长,而美国又刚经历了五年的高通胀环境,那么这将是必须高度警惕的情景。他强调,决策者需要评估“新的冲击”对全球经济的影响。

沃什此前曾在去年12月提出,AI驱动的生产率提升可能为更低利率打开空间。但多位美联储官员对这一论点并不买账。由于联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)拥有12名投票委员,美联储主席也只有一票,沃什若想推动更快降息,仍需争取多数同僚支持。与此同时,市场更关注中东战争带来的“油价冲击”这种更直接、更短期的变量,而非AI生产率的长期效应。

另一只“靴子”:最高法院否决部分关税后,政策不确定性加剧

除战争因素外,关税政策的不确定性也被视为美联储难以轻易转向宽松的关键阻力。最高法院裁定特朗普政府以“紧急权力”实施的大部分关税违法后,市场必须重新评估美国未来关税体系将如何重构、政府将动用哪些授权工具、以及能否在法律框架内“复制”此前的关税力度。

卡什卡利表示,最高法院裁决以及“新关税制度会是什么样”的不确定性,增加了经济层面的问号,而不确定性本身就是对经济的拖累。他指出,企业在政策可预测性下降时往往更谨慎,从而压制投资与扩张意愿。芝加哥联储主席古尔斯比(Austan Goolsbee)也曾对媒体表示,政策越不可预测,企业面对的问号就越多。

在这一背景下,市场对于“降息派主席”能否兑现更快降息的预期出现分化:一方面白宫的偏好更明确;另一方面战争与关税带来的通胀与不确定性,可能迫使美联储在更长时间内保持观望。

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