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中国矿工最害怕的事情来了?IMF发布“征重税”报告吓坏市场……

FX1682024年8月20日 05:12
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FX168财经报社(亚太)讯 国际货币基金组织(IMF)近期发布研究报告表示,2022年,加密货币挖矿与数据中心共消耗全球2%电力,相当于日本全国的用电量。报告展望,在短短三年内,该比例将攀升至3.5%,同时占近1%的全球碳排放量。该组织呼吁,向中国矿工乃至全球矿企“征收重税”。

IMF指出,无论这些活动的社会和经济效益为何,其对气候的影响令人担忧。报告提到:“到2027年,加密货币挖矿可能占全球0.7%的二氧化碳排放量。若将数据中心涵盖在内,到2027年,合计碳排放量可能达到4.5亿吨,占全球碳排放量的1.2%。”

(来源:IMF)

为能达成“减少碳排放”的目标,IMF提出对加密挖矿行业担忧的建议,即“课税”成为一种选项。

根据估算,对挖矿活动直接课征每千瓦时0.047美元的税,将能让挖矿业的排放量控制在全球目标范围内,若再考虑空气污染对健康的影响,税率应升至0.089美元,相当于矿工平均挖矿用电成本上涨85%。

“这样的征税将使全球政府每年收入增加52亿美元,并每年减少1亿吨的排放量,约相当于比利时目前的排放量,”他说道。

对于数据中心,因为数据中心往往位于电力更环保的地区,针对其用电量的目标税,建议设定为每千瓦时0.032美元,如果包括空气污染成本,则为0.052美元,每年可让全球政府收入增加180亿美元。

但IMF提到,现实情况正好相反,许多数据中心和加密矿工享有收入、消费和财产上的税收豁免和优惠,考虑这些特殊税收制度会损害环境、缺乏显著就业机会,以及对电网造成压力,其净效益很不明确。

报告内容也点出,人工智能(AI)应用可能会导致更智慧和更高效的电力效率,这可能有助于缓解电力需求,正确的政策仍可以激励开发具有积极社会影响的AI应用,同时解决环境损害问题。

对政策制定者而言,在各国之间协调一致的广泛碳价是遏制排放的最佳方式,因为它将鼓励减少化石燃料消耗、更清洁的电力来源和提高能源效率。为将全球变暖限制在摄氏2度,国家需要引入相当于到2030年碳价上升至每吨85美元的额外措施。

在缺乏全球碳价的情况下,针对性措施可以鼓励矿工和数据中心使用更节能的设备,甚至可能促进采用能耗较低的挖矿方式,而透过零排放抵免、双边购电协议和潜在的再生能源证书来与电力税结合使用,也会有所帮助。

但是,比特币环境、社会和治理(ESG)分析师Daniel Batten在上周五(8月16日)发文反驳该报告对挖矿的批评,认为该报告使用有问题的修辞技巧,比如通过将比特币挖矿与AI数据中心的能源消耗联系起来,建立罪恶关联来指责挖矿。

(来源:Twitter)

Daniel提到,攻击挖矿的文章通常来自于那些因比特币采用而可能受损的群体,即中央银行,但与AI数据中心不同的是,比特币挖矿已被证明对电网有积极影响。研究表明,像挖矿这样的灵活数据中心,对电网有净减碳效益,而像AI这样的非灵活数据中心则有净增碳冲击。

他续称:“IMF自身数据就显示,到2027年,加密货币在全球电力中的使用比例及其在全球二氧化碳排放量的比例将会下降,但AI产业的两者比例都会上升,此外,IMF还严重依赖不可信的作者,像是Alex de Vries及2022年剑桥大学的过时信息。”

他最后总结道:“IMF的任何报告应被视为低研究水平,不应供政策制定者和监管者使用。”

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