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华尔街呼吁大幅降息 经济学家降低预期 美联储如何决策?

FX1682024年8月9日 14:26
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FX168财经报社(北美)讯 在一项对经济学家的调查中,大多数受访者预期美联储将在9月份降息0.25个百分点,这一预测与一些大型华尔街银行呼吁下次会议大幅降息的观点相左。#2024年下半年市场展望#

根据彭博社的调查,近四分之三的经济学家预测,美联储将在9月17日至18日的会议上将利率降低至5%至5.25%的区间,其余大多数经济学家预测降幅会更大。中位数预测显示,在预定会议之前采取降息行动的可能性仅为10%。

在7月份的就业报告不及预期后,美联储政策制定者对采取激进措施表示了抵制,当时招聘明显放缓,失业率上升至近三年来的最高水平。

与此同时,以美联储主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔为首的美联储领导层表示,他们在减少通胀至2%的目标同时,越来越重视充分就业的重要性。

一些主要华尔街银行,包括摩根大通和花旗集团,在上周的就业报告公布后调整了预测,并预计下个月将进行半个百分点的降息。更广泛地说,期货投资者的反应是预计到年底将会有100个基点的降息,并从下个月开始先降息50个基点。

然而,经济学家们的共识是,美联储将在9月、11月、12月的会议,以及2025年第一季度选择较小的降息幅度,分别为0.25个百分点。这项调查于8月6日至8日进行,背景是全球市场的抛售。

牛津经济学首席美国经济学家瑞安·斯威特(Ryan Sweet)表示,对“大幅降息”的呼声“过度且是反应性举措。”他说:“从历史来看,联邦公开市场委员会在面对明显的经济冲击或数据表现比目前更糟时,会进行临时降息或大于25个基点的降息。”

“彭博经济目前预计美联储将在9月份将政策利率降低50个基点,随后在接下来的两个会议上每次降息25个基点,总共降低100个基点。”—— 安娜·黄(Anna Wong)

在新的就业数据公布前两天,政策制定者维持利率不变,但表示他们更接近降低借贷成本。鲍威尔表示,利率在美联储9月会议上可能会进行调整。

美联储官员将降温的就业增长视为经济放缓的信号,但并未表明会出现经济衰退。芝加哥联储主席奥斯坦·古尔斯比(Austan Goolsbee)周一表示,经济增长仍保持在“相当稳定的水平”。同时,旧金山联储主席玛丽·戴利(Mary Daly)当天表示,尽管美国劳动力市场放缓,但仍“相当稳固”。

在调查中,60%的受访者认为就业市场稳固,但有所减弱,另有24%认为就业市场显著减弱但可能会稳定。仅有16%的人预测将出现显著的失业。

对于临时调整利率,46%的经济学家认为需要出现如信用市场功能失常和流动性问题等冲击才可能发生。

沃尔夫研究首席经济学家斯蒂芬妮·罗斯(Stephanie Roth)表示:“我们认为金融市场可能迫使美联储进行临时降息,但我们认为上周的数据不足以成为理由。”她补充说:“金融条件很重要,美联储可能会被迫帮助抵消紧缩,但这不是我们的基本预测。”

尽管近期市场动荡和经济放缓,69%的受访者预测美国将实现软着陆而不会出现衰退,另有10%认为如果美联储采取迅速而激进的行动,则可以实现软着陆。仅有22%的人预测会出现经济衰退。

在鲍威尔担任主席期间,联邦公开市场委员会仅在紧急情况下使用过超大幅度的举措。在2020年3月的前两周,随着新冠疫情开始冲击美国经济,美联储将基准利率快速下调了1.5个百分点,达到零水平。在2022年,面对不断升级的通胀,FOMC进行了50个基点和75个基点的加息。

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