Robinhood (HOOD) Q3 2026 Earnings Call: Record Revenue and $808M Adjusted EBITDA

Key Takeaways

• Robinhood reported record Q3 2026 revenue of $1.4 billion, up 12% year over year. Adjusted EBITDA rose 9% to a record $808 million, with a 57% margin.
• Diluted EPS was $0.51, including a negative $0.07 mark-to-market impact from investments. Adjusted EPS, which excludes investment gains, losses and certain non-operating items while retaining stock-based compensation, was $0.60.
• Net deposits reached $16 billion in Q3. October deposits exceeded $13 billion, including $6 billion from the Dell family gift to Trump Accounts, taking year-to-date deposits above $68 billion and beyond management’s 20% annual growth target.
• Equities, options and margin volumes each increased by roughly 50% year over year, while event contract activity grew sevenfold. Robinhood now has 14 businesses generating at least $100 million in annualized revenue.
• Robinhood Chain recorded more than $100 billion in decentralized exchange volume and over $50 million in gross chain fees during its first quarter. DeFi perpetual futures volume recently exceeded $1 billion per day.
• Management narrowed its full-year adjusted operating expense and stock-based compensation outlook to $2.675 billion-$2.75 billion, lowering the top end by $25 million.

Key Financial Data

Business and Operating Performance

Trading and product diversification

Transaction revenue reached a record as equities, options and margin volumes each grew by approximately 50% year over year. Management attributed the gains to higher market share across major asset classes. Event contract activity increased sevenfold.

Average daily volumes for equities, options and crypto began Q4 around 5% below the record Q3 level, while event contract volumes were approximately 10% higher than in Q3.

Robinhood said 14 business lines now generate at least $100 million in annualized revenue. Rothera, its prediction markets exchange, reached that threshold in its first full quarter. Non-sports contracts represented about 30% of prediction market activity, up from 15% in the previous quarter.

The company also launched perpetual futures and plans to add prediction contracts tied to company revenue, EPS and operating KPIs. Management said perpetual futures represent a large potential market, noting that Robinhood Chain’s DeFi perpetual futures volume has already exceeded $1 billion per day.

Robinhood Chain and tokenization

Robinhood Chain launched its mainnet on July 1. In its first quarter, it generated more than $100 billion in decentralized exchange volume and over $50 million in gross chain fees. Management said the disclosed revenue-sharing arrangement reduced net revenue to roughly $25 million, equivalent to about $100 million annualized.

The company is prioritizing total value locked, developer activity and adoption of stock tokens rather than maximizing near-term fees. Management expects normalized monetization to amount to a few basis points of notional volume.

Robinhood intends to make on-chain versions of more assets available to international customers where possible. It is also investing in tools and support for developers building applications around tokenized stocks, crypto assets and other real-world assets.

Gold, banking and wallet share

Robinhood Gold reached 5 million subscribers, up more than 30% year over year and approximately four times the level when the company began revamping the program four years ago. Overall adoption was about 18%, while roughly 40% of customers joining during the quarter adopted Gold.

Robinhood Banking became the largest withdrawal destination for Robinhood brokerage customers during the quarter, despite remaining in limited release. The company demonstrated a peer-to-peer payment feature that allows recipients to accept funds through Apple Pay or Google Pay without holding a Robinhood Banking account. Management expects a broader rollout in the coming weeks.

Robinhood Strategies, the company’s managed investing product, surpassed $2 billion in assets. Management described it as a potential growth driver for customers seeking a passive, set-and-forget investment experience.

Customer assets and deposits

Q3 net deposits totaled $16 billion. October deposits exceeded $13 billion, including $6 billion linked to the Dell family gift to Trump Accounts. Year-to-date net deposits surpassed $68 billion, already exceeding management’s 20% annual growth target.

Management said recent deposit growth has been driven more heavily by existing customers increasing their wallet share. The company is also investing in new customer acquisition through banking, peer-to-peer payments, custodial products and Trump Accounts.

Trump Accounts cover nearly 70 million eligible US children. According to management, 25 million children received $250 each through the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation. Robinhood is also developing employer and donor funding capabilities for the program.

International expansion

Robinhood received authorization from the Dubai Financial Services Authority to launch in the region and in-principle approval from the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Singapore is expected to serve as its Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific hub.

The company is also expanding in the UK and European Union, while its WonderFi acquisition provides a crypto presence in Canada. Robinhood has crossed 1 million international customers, and management’s long-term objective is for more than half of the business to come from outside the US.

Agentic trading and social features

Customers have transferred more than $250 million into accounts using Robinhood’s agentic trading tools. The company is extending AI connectivity across its mobile app and Robinhood Legend, while positioning AI agents as both trading and educational tools.

Robinhood Social is currently focused on engagement and investment education rather than direct monetization. Management said creator monetization may eventually turn the product into a separate business line.

Management Guidance

Robinhood expects full-year adjusted operating expenses and stock-based compensation of $2.675 billion-$2.75 billion. The company reduced the top end of its previous range by $25 million and lowered the midpoint by $13 million.

Management still expects approximately $100 million of full-year investment related to Trump Accounts. Q4 spending priorities also include scaling the Gold and Platinum credit cards and funding selected 2027 product initiatives.

Robinhood said a 25-basis-point change in interest rates would affect revenue by approximately 1.5%, all else equal. The estimate is based on about $40 billion of rate-sensitive assets within approximately $80 billion of total interest-earning assets.

Risks and Watchpoints

• October equities, options and crypto activity was around 5% below the record Q3 level, indicating some normalization after a strong quarter.
• Management said trading spreads were slightly tighter at the start of Q4, which could affect transaction take rates if the trend persists.
• Crypto take rate was reduced by the mix shift toward Robinhood Earn’s stablecoin product, which held more than $500 million in assets but monetizes at a lower rate than regular crypto trading.
• Robinhood Chain revenue remains sensitive to transaction volume, network congestion and fee levels. Management is prioritizing ecosystem growth over near-term monetization.
• US tokenization plans remain subject to regulatory uncertainty. Management said additional rulemaking or legislation may be needed, while private stock products must also comply with accredited-investor requirements.
• Credit card expansion depends on achieving appropriate unit economics and managing credit risk, leading to a more measured rollout than banking products.
• Investment holdings can introduce non-operating earnings volatility, as shown by the negative $0.07 mark-to-market impact on Q3 EPS.

Analyst Q&A Highlights

Net deposit growth: Management said product launches remain the primary driver of deposits. Existing customers have recently contributed more to growth by adopting additional services, while new products and selective marketing are expected to support funded-account growth in 2027.

Robinhood Chain monetization: The company expects normalized revenue of a few basis points on notional volume. Its immediate priorities are increasing total value locked, expanding stock tokens and attracting developers rather than raising fees.

Cross-selling: Customers using three or four Robinhood products generate higher revenue and engagement. Gold is positioned as a loyalty product that encourages customers to deposit more and use additional services.

Prediction markets: Rothera will remain Robinhood’s primary exchange, with Crypto.com and OG.com serving as the main secondary venue. Robinhood received an initial 1% equity stake in the partners without a cash outlay and may earn up to 10% ownership depending on future collaboration.

Rate sensitivity: Management characterized higher rates as a tailwind for net interest revenue but emphasized that trading products can perform better in lower-rate environments, supporting a more diversified earnings model.

ARPU and customer growth: Management does not set operating targets around average revenue per user. It prioritizes market share, return on investment and net deposits, noting that rapid growth among younger and international customers could reduce reported ARPU even as total revenue expands.

Full Earnings Call Transcript

Complete Earnings Call Transcript

Management Remarks

Operator

Thank you to everyone for joining Robinhood's Q3 2026 earnings call, whether you're tuning into the live stream or here with us in Menlo Park. With us today are Chairman and CEO, Vlad Tenev; CFO, Shiv Verma; and VP of Corporate Finance and Investor Relations, Chris Koegel. Vlad and Shiv will offer opening remarks and then open the call to Q&A.

During the Q&A portion of the call, we'll answer questions from the audience, which includes institutional research analysts, finance content creators who may hold in Robinhood in both institutional and retail shareholders.

As a reminder, today's call will contain forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from our current expectations, and we may not provide updates unless legally required. Potential risk factors that could cause differences including regulatory developments that we continue to monitor are described in the press release we issued today, the earnings presentation and our SEC filings, all of which can be found at investors.robinhood.com. Today's discussion will also include non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations to the GAAP measures we consider most directly comparable can be found in the earnings presentation.

With that, please welcome Vlad.

Vladimir Tenev

All right. Thank you guys for coming. This is awesome. And it's great to see so many people in person. We're back at our headquarters in sunny Menlo Park. So thank you again for being on this journey with us and showing up in person and to everyone watching remotely.

So as you probably know, at Robinhood, we have a singular goal. We believe in ownership. We want to make everyone an owner. And we think that broad ownership is actually essential to a free, stable and prosperous society. So in order to execute on this vision, we have our 3-part strategy. So to recap that, the first part, we want to build the #1 active trader platform. So we want to allow customers to own any tradable asset. And really an active trader should feel like they're at a disadvantage trading elsewhere. So we'll have more about that later. Second, strategic arc, #1 in wallet share for the next generation. So we want to build our customers' financial home and not just for them, but for their families as well. And then the third, #1 global financial ecosystem. So take the ownership that we've been able to deliver and grow in the U.S. and expand it everywhere around the world.

Q3, we made a lot of progress. So our product velocity continued across each of these 3 arcs. And we saw strong business and financial results. So for active traders, again, the idea is if you're an active trader, you're at a disadvantage trading elsewhere. So what have we done for active traders. Last month, we held our third annual Hood Summit event in Houston, Texas. And we launched not 1, not 2, but 17 new products and new services to our customers. So I'll hit a couple of highlights. Agentic trading, which is near and dear to my heart, literally, I'm wearing the vest right now. So our agentic offerings have really increased in scope over the course of the year. If you remember, we started with our MCP, which has grown quite well. And now we've got agentic trading directly in the app. So you no longer need to use your external tool like your Claude code or Codex. You can do it within the app. And we've also allowed customers to extend their MCP connectivity to Robinhood Legend. So Robinhood Legend is now in scope for our MCP connectors as well.

So we're just continuing to make it easier for anyone to trade on our platform, whether it's you directly or your agent. And while we're still very early in the in-app capabilities and the harness tooling, we've been seeing really strong early adoption across the entire suite of agentic products. So customers have over 250 million in agentic accounts. Remember, this is -- the account started 0, so you have to make a choice to move money into them. And we look at the adoption curves both across usage and trading, and they're sort of following an accelerating curve, which gets us very excited about the future of these products. And as we continue to add more asset classes, more features, those curves appear to be steepening.

Next, perpetual Futures. So we became the first U.S. broker to offer what we call true perpetual futures. So these are perpetuals powered by our global derivatives exchange bit stamp. And they settle continuously around the day, so 15-minute settlement. We're also working on adding earnings contracts to our prediction markets hub. I think this will be particularly relevant for this audience because they'll allow you to trade EPS and revenue on individual companies as well as KPIs that are company specific.

And of course, something I've been very excited about for quite some time. We announced 24/7 equity trading that will be coming to Robinhood later this year. And again, this is something I think we'll be the first to offer this as well. And these are just a few of the many items we've shipped. So there's a lot more, and I encourage you all to check out the full keynote on YouTube or X, if you haven't already.

So let's move to wallet share. A couple of things that I'd like to highlight here. Trump Accounts achieved a really important milestone in Q3, auto enrollment. So as we've said before, we've got nearly 70 million children in the U.S. under the age of 18 that are eligible for the Trump Account. And now the U.S. Treasury has opened accounts for all of them, for all of these children. And because of the generous gift from Michael and Susan Dell through their foundation, 25 million of those children already had $250 invested for them by the Dell Foundation. So we're excited about this initiative.

It's one of those things where it's just been snowballing and we're doing more. So there's just a ton of road map ahead. One of the things I'm particularly excited about is, I think it can become the default vehicle for philanthropic giving in this country, right? And we're already seeing the beginnings of that with the Dell's, but also the other donors. And we don't really have a great default option. I think Trump Accounts can become that. So we're going to be doing more there in partnership with BNY and the U.S. government.

We're also continuing to make progress with Robinhood Gold, which today is one of the largest paid membership programs in consumer finance in the U.S. So a couple of years ago, we set out to actually completely revamp our gold product. And what we wanted to do is put something in gold for our mass market customer so that you didn't have to be an active trader to benefit from gold. And I think we've been able to achieve that. So in this quarter, Robinhood Gold reached 5 million subscribers, okay? We see it really paying off. We see it paying off. We've got 5 million Gold subscribers. And that's up over 30% year-over-year. And it's a 4x increase from when we began the journey to revamp the Gold program just about 4 years ago.

So that gets us to about 18% overall gold adoption rate when you look at our customer base, but 40% if you look at in quarter. So of the customers that joined Robinhood in quarter much higher adoption. And that's really great to see because then we see a path as we continue to grow, gold will just continue to increase. And I think there's actually a much more room to grow. Our big bets for growing the gold value proposition are banking and credit. And those are still despite getting to large scale, not generally available yet.

So there's still limited release, and we've been really investing in more integration points. So things like easy sign-up for banking and gold card if you're signing up for Robinhood, contextual upsells so that we detect when banking and credit is going to be appropriate for you when you're using the Robinhood app and kind of putting it there. So we think we've got plenty of room to run. These can become even more meaningful drivers of higher Gold adoption.

Finally, let me get to global financial ecosystem. So on July 1, just a few months ago, we launched the Robinhood Chain main net. And in its first quarter, it's already a top 5 chain by volume and revenue. So far, we've seen over $100 billion in Dex volume. So it's $100 billion in decentralized exchange trading volume and over $50 million in chain fees. DeFi perpetuals, it's an interesting innovative product, have seen solid growth on the chain as well. So in recent weeks, we've been seeing DeFi perpetuals volume of over $1 billion per day on the chain. So it's clear customers have demand for these tokenized assets on chain. And we think we not only believe we're building Robinhood Chain to be the best place to own and trade all these tokenized assets, of course, starting with stock tokens and perpetuals, but expanding much broader from that.

We're also expanding our brokerage infrastructure globally. And we're excited with that to announce that we received authorization from the Dubai Financial Services Authority to launch Robinhood in the region. This will broaden our international footprint even further. The product velocity that you've been seeing and the focus on the customer experience have led to really strong business results. Market share continues to grow, up double digits year-over-year for each of the main assets, equities, options, crypto and margin as well. Revenues grew 12% year-over-year to a record $1.4 billion. Adjusted EBITDA, that's up 9%, record of over $800 million; and then net deposits, $16 billion in the quarter. And with a strong start to Q4, which Shiv will talk more about, we have already exceeded our annual goal of 20% net deposit growth, and that's with 2 months left to go.

So we're pleased with the strong results for our customers and for our business. We're pushing hard to make Robinhood your Financial Super App. So with that, I'll ask Shiv to come up. How are you doing, sir?

Shiv Verma

Doing all right. All right. So thank you, Vlad. Before we get into the results, I just wanted to share 3 big takeaways from Q3. First, as Vlad said, the core business is firing on all cylinders. This led to our highest quarter ever for both revenue and adjusted EBITDA and really great to see platform assets were nearly $400 billion. And on top of that, we set new records for equities, options, event contracts and margins, so going well all around.

Second, our product is driving a more diversified business. We're now up to 14 cylinders that have reached $100 million or more of annualized revenue. As Rothera, our prediction markets exchange hit this number in just its full -- first full quarter of operations. So really nice to see Rothera is scoring scaring well.

And then finally, we drove another quarter of strong growth, profitability and scale. So we're a rule of 80 company, but at our scale of over $5.5 billion of annualized revenue. So we remain disciplined on expenses even while investing for growth, which is fantastic to see.

So let's get to our Q3 results, and all of these will be compared to a year ago. So revenues were up 12% to a record $1.4 billion, and this was driven by strong growth in both new products and existing products as well. Transaction revenues were a record as trading volumes were new highs across equities, options and margin. Each of these was up around 50% year-over-year, and this was on market share gains. And the event contracts continue to go really nicely. This was up 7x year-over-year. Additionally, the Robinhood Chain in its first quarter of adoption saw really strong usage, as Vlad mentioned before. So that was another driver of transaction revenue in the quarter.

And then on NIM or net interest revenues, really strong growth in margin, credit card book and Robinhood Banking, and these grew to new record balances. And our total interest earning assets on the platform also hit new highs. So really nice to see both transaction revenue and the interest-earning assets do well.

And then finally, in other revenues, as Vlad shared before, gold subscribers reached a new all-time high of over 4 million cells, which is great to see. And then additionally, as we continue to build and expand the Trump Accounts for customers, that generates some additional revenue as well.

And so while revenues grew to a quarterly record, we also see discipline on costs. And so adjusted OpEx in SBC was managed to $664 million. This was managed within our prior outlook range. Again, as we're investing for growth, we're still being really, really disciplined on our expenses. And our productivity also continues to do really well. So in this quarter, we hit revenue per employee of nearly $2 million, which would be a new record. So we're shipping for customers, but we're also doing it in our lean and disciplined way.

And then finally, as we look ahead to Q4, while we plan to continue making growth investments, in particular, on the Trump Accounts, we're also controlling our expenses and have driven more efficiencies across our business. So as we do that, we're going to lower the top end of our prior outlook range by $25 million, and we now expect full year adjusted OpEx in SBC to be between $2.675 billion and $2.75 billion. And this is $13 million lower at the midpoint versus our prior outlook. So you put them together really strong top line growth, expense discipline, and this led to a strong quarter of profitability.

So adjusted EBITDA was a record $808 million. This is up 9% year-over-year, and adjusted EBITDA margin continues to be strong at 57% in Q3. EPS for the quarter was $0.51. Now this includes a minus $0.07 of mark-to-market impact on investments that we hold. And so as we talk about EPS, we're continuing to expand our business into investments. One of them is such as Robinhood Ventures. And as we launch more and more of these products, we're now seeing some nonoperating movements on these investments. So we're introducing adjusted EPS, and this is to just better reflect our core operating profitability before any gains or losses on investments or some of these other nonoperating items. But at the same time, we're going to remain accountable for all of our regular ongoing costs. So we're still including normal course SBC in our adjusted EPS.

As I've said before, many times, share count and the denominator matters. And so you put it all together, in Q3, adjusted EPS was $0.60. And so moving forward, we hope that investors find this a useful measure of our core profitability in the business.

Another area I wanted to touch upon is prediction markets. We believe it's really early innings for the asset class, and we're investing to be a leader in the space. We're constantly improving the app experience. We now have a vertically integrated exchange of Ethereum. And as I mentioned before, it's off to a great start. Additionally, we also announced a recent partnership with crypto.com and og.com. Now this is really exciting for both our customers, but also for our business and shareholders. It's really important for us that customers have a best-in-class selection with consistent pricing across exchanges. And with these partnerships, it now allows us to do that.

But additionally, with no cash outlay, we received an initial 1% equity ownership stake in crypto.com and og.com. And we have the ability to earn up to 10% ownership depending on how much we partner together in the years to come.

So before we move to Q&A, I just wanted to give a little bit about how Q4 looks to start following a record Q3. October net deposits are over $13 billion a month, great to see, and that includes $6 billion of the Dell family gift to Trump Accounts, as Vlad mentioned earlier. And this brings our total year-to-date net deposits to over $68 billion. This is already a new annual record and north of our 20% growth target with just a few months -- with still a few months to go left in the year. And then compared to Q3, average daily volumes for equities, options and cryptos are off to a good start and are about 5% lighter relative to the really strong Q3 and then event contract ADVs are already up about 10% to start the quarter.

So stepping back, it was great to see another strong quarter in Q3, and we're really excited about our momentum entering Q4. And as we've shared before, our financial North Star remains the same. Maximize earnings per share and free cash flow per share for shareholders over time.

All right. Chris, Vlad, should we take some questions? .

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you, Shiv. For the Q&A session, we'll start by answering shareholder questions from Say Technologies. And after the Say questions, we'll turn to live questions from our audience and then go to the dial-in queue. .

So I'll kick it off with our first question from Say, which comes from Bo Shen.

Vladimir Tenev

Bo Shen, how are you doing.

Chris Koegel

Okay. I think we've lost Bo. So Bo asked, how is the expansion into banking going? And when will feature such as the Zelle replacement arrive?

Vladimir Tenev

It's a great question. So I thought rather than talking about it, I'll actually just show you. I try not to launch new products during earnings, but I thought since we have a crowd here, I might as well give you -- give you a little bit more -- by the way, before I get into it, I do want to say one thing about banking as it pertains to our Super App vision.

So one of the things we've been tracking for a really long time is what the top bank withdrawal destinations for our brokerage business have been. So this is the top institutions that people actually move money from brokerage into banking. And for the longest time, it's been kind of the expected big banks, not a huge surprise there. But as we've started to roll out Robinhood Banking, we've actually seen Robinhood Banking climbing up the list. And this quarter, for the first time, Robinhood Banking became the #1 withdrawal destination for Robinhood brokerage customers. And this is actually even before it's generally available. So it is the #1 bank that -- that customers would draw money to buy dollars, which I think is quite amazing.

And obviously, we love this because that money is not leaving the Robinhood ecosystem. It just stays in people's accounts. And I think it's 1 major proof point that customers are choosing Robinhood for their totality of their financial needs. They're coming in, they're direct depositing, their paycheck. They have their checking and savings account. Of course, they move money to invest in trade. They do their spending with gold and now platinum. So increasingly, you don't really have to leave Robinhood because we offer best-in-class services kind of across the board.

Now one thing that people have been asking about is peer-to-peer payments. And of course, we didn't want to just do like a regular add-on, bolt-on peer-to-peer payments feature. We wanted to make it really, really nice. So if you guys are ready, I can share my screen.

So this is Robinhood Banking, so I blurred it out my balances. This is the new design, by the way. We've updated it to have the liquid glass UI. So there's this button on the bottom right, which is kind of your overall transaction action button. And if you open that you see there's this new send money feature. So Matt, can I send you -- would you accept a few dollars for me?

Unknown Executive

Sure. And I'll know how much you like me based on how much you send?

Vladimir Tenev

Okay, good. You know. I like you a moderate enough. So it's just as simple as that. I'll send Matt, who's been doing a great job from our Investor Relations team, $5 for my joint checking account, okay? And you can put a little message here. Of course, this is my favorite one.

And so check this out. So I'm going to send it via text. One of the really annoying things about peer-to-peer payments. I don't know if you guys have experienced this, but you want to use an app and the person you send money to doesn't have it, which creates this like moment of friction. I don't want them to have to install anything. And then they'll ask you, can you send it this way? Can you do it with 1 of the competitors? And then you have to install it anyway, we've gotten rid of all of that, Matt, did you get it?

Unknown Executive

I got the text.

Vladimir Tenev

Okay. If you want to show, so there it is. He just taps on it, and you can accept money with Apple Pay or Google Pay without even having a Robinhood banking account, which is pretty awesome if you think about it. Of course, it gives us an opportunity to upsell Robinhood banking, which is just a really clean experience for those of you that have tried it, but you don't have to have it. You can just get it right into your Apple Pay. So you don't have to worry about that friction of the recipient of the funds. So right now, still in limited release. If Matt sends money to someone, they'll get it. But yes, you should expect to see us rolling this out much more broadly in the coming weeks. And just another reason why everything we think can be better on Robinhood if you do more and more of your -- if you run more of your financial life through us.

Unknown Executive

Who needs sell, right?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I mean, legacy technology, I think we can do better if we build everything in an integrated fashion.

Chris Koegel

All right. Great demo. All right. So the next question is from Marcus, who asks, how is global expansion going and what countries are next?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. So I'll field that one. So when Shiv and I were kind of coming up with our plan and we thought what can Robinhood be in 10 years, we called our third ARC Global financial ecosystem. And we -- our vision, and I think this is backed up by how big these markets are and also sort of like wealth accumulation, people outside the U.S. keep getting wealthier. Our vision is that over the long run, more than half of our business should be outside the U.S. and cut another way, more than half should be institutional.

And what we didn't anticipate is products like Robinhood Chain, right? And we said Robinhood Chain already in quarter got out of the gate really quick with $100 billion in Dex volume and $50 million of chain fees, right? And you think about how much -- and we're actually continuing to invest, frankly, the growth of the chain and associated ecosystem and the wallet surprised and sort of like was higher than our expectations. And so now we're spending a lot of time investing in how to make that even bigger, how to support the community. We know we've been hearing from a lot of builders that we could be doing more to support the community. And I think you should expect to see us really ramp that up because we want to make it the best developer ecosystem as well as the best sort of global on chain community.

So yes, you should expect to see us ramping the investment because you just don't see growth of a new ecosystem like this. It's an uncommon thing. I mean a lot of chains have launched over the past few months that have just had not nearly like a incomparably small level of traction compared to this. So we're doubling down on that. And of course, as I mentioned earlier, we're expanding into [ MENA ] with our Dubai license. And we did get in principle approval from MAS to expand into Singapore, and that will be our Southeast Asia APAC Hub, which we're very excited about.

And by the way, we're continuing to get deeper in our more established markets of EU and U.K. U.K. now has crypto and brokerage in the same offering. So it's getting to parity. And you've seen us actually increasing our download share and getting more traction there. So it's, I would say, Shiv, I don't know if you would disagree, I think like for a while, our international business was sort of like a future, very like far off into the future when we expected to see meaningful contributions. But we're starting to see that accelerate. And I'm seeing the most traction I have. So I feel probably the best that I've ever felt, and we're kind of accelerating so much in momentum there.

Shiv Verma

No, I agree. We built a 10-year plan. It's nice to see the seeds coming. And also Canada, you forgot to mention that as well, we're down -- we're now...

Vladimir Tenev

With the crypto business through the Wonderfy acquisition there for sure. So pretty soon, we'll have Robinhood all over the world. .

Chris Koegel

All right. Our next question comes from a special guest. You may have seen him driving the Robinhood Neon car during the last 2 NASCAR seasons three-time cup series race winner and driver of the #23 Toyota for 23/11 racing, Bubba Wallace.

Unknown Shareholder

Are there any new major product plans for 2027 that could increase Robinhood's revenue?

Vladimir Tenev

No easy questions, Bubba, we're just getting right into it. And by the way, it was fun watching Bubba compete at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway a couple of weeks ago, hot, but I don't know how he does that for so long.

So I would say one of the things that I think people find attractive about Robinhood as a business is that it's a financial compounder, right? Even if you look at the core business of equities, options, crypto, margin, we're continuing to gain in market share. We get more customers. Those customers get wealthier as they get older. The market appreciation adds to that. So all of this is leading to total platform assets this quarter of about $400 billion. And I don't think it will be long before we're talking over $0.5 trillion and knock on wood into the trillions, right? So that just the core brokerage business and the crypto business has been remarkably strong.

But we're not just like being complacent and seeing we have a strong core business. We're moving at incredible pace, not just adding all the products and features that our competitors have, but also, I think, just leading the industry across a couple of major domains. I mentioned the agentic trading earlier. I think agentic trading -- I don't think there's really another game in town in terms of financial companies that are really investing in agentic trading and making that a first-class experience. So I think we're at the very beginning there and we're just continuing to invest in making the product experience really, really good.

We talked a lot about prediction markets. I'll also throw in perpetual futures. I mean, we're super early to that, right? A lot of companies announced plans to offer these new assets, but we announce and then we ship and we roll out, we're seeing strong traction. That's another asset class where we expect to be the leader and gain market share.

On the wallet share front, you've heard me talk about Trump Accounts. Robinhood Ventures is another one where it's just other companies aren't really doing -- doing this, where they're trying to -- we're going -- they're going after the vision of democratizing private markets for retail investors. So we have RBI, RB2 shipped and you should expect even more. I mean we are just -- we're really investing because we think it's important, and it's a big business opportunity, a new category that I think we can own.

And then, of course, long term in the global financial ecosystem, tokenization and Robinhood Chain and Robinhood Wallet are unique products were just really feels like we've got the tiger by the tail. So those are kind of several areas, not just one where we think we can surprise to the upside with the product bets that we're making.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you, Vlad. That concludes our Say Technology questions. And now I'd like to go to questions for our live audience. So if you'd like to ask a question, please raise your hand.

Question-and-Answer Session

Unknown Analyst

I know you've got active trading and you've got the strategy side of things. What are you doing to focus on the middle ground of customers who just kind of want to deposit and forget about it?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes, that's a great question. Actually, that's one thing I forgot to mention. I think Robinhood strategies, which is our passive digital advice product. So over $2 billion in assets, it's been growing really quickly year-over-year. I think it's a bit of a dark horse just because we launched so many things. And I think the active trading products tend to get a lot more attention and mind share, but we have all these amazing passive products, strategies being one of them that provides a best-in-class experience. So we've been continuing to add things to the product suite.

We have this tool, smart income, which is part of Robinhood's Strategies, where you basically just like can just really easily with a slider just slide, your time horizon and risk tolerance, and it will tell you what the sort of like expected return for your investments would be? And then the idea is you just put money in there, you drop money into that account, and it's a complete set it and forget it product.

And then I think we've got some things like that team has ambitious plans. There's a bunch of things that we're working on to make that even better. So suffice it to say, Strategies isn't staying still. I think that's -- it's a dark horse product. I think it's one that could surprise people in the coming year.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you, Vlad. Next, I think Ed Engel, did you have that here?

Edward Engel

We've been really impressed by the product velocity and traction at Robinhood, the 14 cylinders over $100 million. Can you speak to how many products your power users engage with versus your average user? And what would it mean for your business if you're able to convert the majority of your customers into power users?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I mean that's a great question. We look at this internally quite a bit. And we sort of see that basically the more products that someone uses, and once you get up to 3 or 4 products in the Robinhood ecosystem, the average revenue per user and the engagement just continues to increase with 3 or 4 products being really kind of the sweet spot. Also, we can cut it by asset classes. A lot of people come to us to trade equities or crypto first. But then if you look at the customers that trade equities, crypto options, futures and prediction markets, the revenue and the engagement with the platform really increases.

And we've been making a lot of investments. Maybe those of you that use Robinhood have been seeing our work there and just making the app more coherent and more discoverable. This is something I mentioned in the last earnings call. We have more work to do because we have all these products. How can we make sure that, that is coherent and that you kind of understand what we're about. Well, I think you're starting to see some of that progress because our shared services, including social, search, home, I think we're doing a much better job in kind of surfacing relevant content to you.

I think the focus has been on making sure prediction markets works really well because we're kind of doing a unique thing like combining this new asset class with other tools that are sort of like personal finance centered. But I think you'll see us continue to invest in personalization and making it easy to discover things in subject to all the rules and regulations being able to surface relevant content to customers. And I think that's another area where we're best-in-class and continuing to get better.

Shiv Verma

If you want to look in terms of how big it could be, I think gold is the best way to see it. So gold, we don't view it as a subscription product. We view it as a loyalty product. And what you see as a customer comes for something. It doesn't matter whether it's an equity and option or crypto event contract. They discover gold. They then use more products. They then deposit more, they engage more, they trade more. And so for how big it could be, it's great. We have 5 million customers. It's only an 18% attach rate. And about 40% plus adopt it when they first come in, but there's still a large runway ahead of that.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you. Next question.

Unknown Analyst

What is Robinhood's strategy for educating customers about active trading products? Like perpetual futures on agentic trading?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I think that what we really try to do is make the products themselves understandable and clear within the app. And I think with our various learning modules and tools, we've done a really good job at taking advantage of the limited [indiscernible] of the app and giving people the information they need at the time that they onboard without just like the -- too much of the fluff and filler.

Now as we expand into the agentic products and actually, 1 of the reasons I'm excited about agentic trading and our investments there is that a lot of our customers are using that as an education tool because these AI agents are really good. If you just ask them, "Hey, explain this to me, what is a wheel strategy, what is -- what is an option -- like what are the typical options trades. You can say, hey, I have this like plan, this point of view. Can you break down, give me like the top 3 ways to capitalize on that. So I think there is strong potential and we're actually seeing a lot of customers doing this of just explaining things and not even just placing the trade or fully trading autonomously, although we're pushing ahead in that direction, too, but just taking some of this complexity and kind of breaking it down for the customer.

So yes, the plan is really each interface has somewhat different affordances. On mobile, it's really about how do you like clearly articulate what the functionality is, what it's for? How do you make it so that with as few taps as possible, you can actually do what you want to do as a customer. Web, I think you have a little bit more of like real estate to browse. And I think agentic lends itself to like a back and forth, which is difficult with all of the interfaces. But yes, I mean, we're making a ton of progress on all of these simultaneously.

And I think the other thing we recognize is we do, I mean we do produce some first-party educational content, video and so forth. But we also want to make it easier for you to discover all the great content that's out there. So I mean, there's just so many content creators and influencers that are making YouTube videos and they're quite entertaining. So one of the things we've been trying to do is can we make it easier for you to get some of those things in the right way through the experience too.

Shiv Verma

We also have Robinhood Social as well where you can learn from the community each other. So just another surface for customers to talk to each other.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes, and that's a great point. I think I'm much more bullish on our ability to surface third-party user-generated content to you because we just have many more passionate people that can make it. So some of the content on Robinhood Social that we're seeing is actually like very deep investment analysis. And we've been working hard giving people more tools to like share charts, share different data sources and yes, I think we like what we're seeing there. So we're going to do even more.

Chris Koegel

All right. Any other questions from the audience?

Unknown Analyst

Does Robinhood plan to get into like exchange funds like Cash and Titan. There's a lot of money that's locked in into other brokerages, which you don't want to sell. So having the ability to trade without selling can be a very big upside for Robinhood?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. And I talked a little bit about Robinhood's strategies. And I think certainly, helping customers with concentrated positions to diversify and handle that in a tax-efficient way is something that we've been looking very carefully into. And the other thing is a lot of these products that are offered by the incumbents have really high minimum requirements. So of course, whenever we see that, we ask ourselves, is there an opportunity to create a really, really nice product and make it available to lots of people.

Chris Koegel

All right. Any other questions from the audience?

Okay. With that, let's move to the Zoom Q&A. So I think the first question we have today is from Devin Ryan from Citizens?

Devin Ryan

Question on Robinhood Chain. Obviously, great to see early traction there. Also appreciate it benefited from some congestion in late August and September, which helped gas fees, so maybe seeing some normalization in fees there. But volumes have been still pretty resilient. So my question is really just how should we be thinking about the financial opportunity over time? And really, what we should be looking for to drive maybe that next real inflection in activity? I know you mentioned perpetual is gaining traction. So maybe that's 1 example. But is it just more products being developed? You mentioned Robinhood can [indiscernible] to support the chains. I love to hear about that. And then just bigger picture, too, can monetization improve over time without making the chain less competitive?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I mean, I'll start. Maybe you can hit your thoughts on monetization. So another thing we look at for the chain that gets us so excited is developer activity. So I think -- last time I checked, we were #1 in on-train developer activity. And so developers are actually coming to Robinhood Chain because they see the traction that we've had, and they're making a bet that this is kind of the ecosystem that they want to invest in for their activities.

And I think at the end of the day, the ecosystem is actually going to be driven by the developer activity. People haven't had very much time to build sophisticated on chain applications yet. So that's why I think in the first instance, the applications that you've seen are relatively simple launch pads and linked pools and things of that nature. And people are working on really interesting things now that are more complex that connect stock tokens with crypto assets and technology in just sort of imagine if you take a stock token and make it fully programmable, just like software, what can you do? I mean can you have tokenized options contracts. For example, can you have products that we haven't seen before. So that's why we want to invest in the developer ecosystem.

I think it's interesting the whole fees and congestion and revenue. When [ Joe Han ], who's our crypto GM and I talk about this. Basically, we both agree that the most important thing to prioritize is a great experience for our users. So I don't really want to be in the business of like charging high fees for on train usage. What I'd rather do is gain the market share, make the developers choose us as the best chain, give them more products. And I think we have a pretty clear road map for what first-party products we need.

Yes, the idea is anything that you can trade on Robinhood in the U.S., wherever possible, should be made available and on chain versions for our international customers. So it's more stock tokens, but then expanding to other asset classes and making sure that these things become like LEGO building blocks that developers can incorporate into their on chain applications. And since we offer the primitives, one of the reasons stock tokens have been so successful is people know that Robinhood stands behind them, and that makes it much more likely that they trust them in their applications than just some third party.

So we're going to continue to execute on that. And I think the way we're tracking long-term sustainability is we obviously like to see [indiscernible] go up, but we're specifically looking at -- we're specifically looking at stock token TBL, making sure that's on a healthy trajectory and we have a path there because I think our differentiator with the chain and what's been working well for us is real-world assets. So we should expect to see real-world assets adoption just continue to increase.

Shiv Verma

On monetization, the only piece I'll add is it was about $50 million gross revenue in the quarter. We shared the schedule before. We shared something with [indiscernible] was about 50%. So even on a net basis, about $25 million or $100 million annualized. We didn't call the cylinder just yet. We want to give it more time to bake. You should expect in a normalized environment, it's probably a couple of basis points on notional value is what we monetize. But as Vlad said, the team is not gold on revenue at this point. It's growing TVL, making developers happy, growing stock tokens. If we do that, a couple of basis points can add up to a really large number over time.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. And I know for the developers out there, the -- we have a lot of passionate Robinhood Chain developers that are working on projects just be confident that we're talking about what we can do for the community. And I think you'll see, since it caught us by surprise, we've had to like staff up team here, I think you'll see a lot more for us supporting builders in the near future.

Chris Koegel

Great. Our next question is from Steven Chubak at Wolfe.

Steven Chubak

So wanted to just ask on the net deposit growth, which I know seasonally, 3Q tends to be a touch lighter. I'm really evaluating this KPI on a core basis. But as the denominator has grown larger, you'd be getting -- running a little bit below that 20% target. I just wanted to get a better sense as to as we unpack some of the building blocks, how much of that 20% is expected to come from new account growth or new store growth versus same-store growth. And specifically, I wanted to get a better sense as you continue to expand internationally, how those efforts could potentially help close the gap?

Shiv Verma

Yes. I'm happy to start on this one.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes, go for it.

Shiv Verma

So as we said before, we target 20% annualized, and we gave some October color on the call. We've already surpassed that. So we're just through October. We've already done over the $68 billion last year and surpassed our growth target. Now as you mentioned, it will not be linear. There was some higher growth in Q2 and then it came down a little bit in Q3. But we've said over and over again. I don't over-index in any 1 month, any 1 week, any 1 quarter. But on an annualized basis, we are still seeing the business compound.

The best driver of net deposits is just new products. And so as we keep shipping new product velocity, customers come, they adopt us more and they continue to deposit more. In terms of new store sales versus existing customers, it is both. More recently, it's been a little bit more of the existing customers. We got a lot of customers very, very fast in the prior years. And now as we ship new products, we're gaining share of wallet and they're starting to trust us more. As we've said before though, we are starting to turn the dial to try to accelerate net funded accounts again. And so Q3 was similar to Q1. Q2, we saw a nice bump up because of some market backdrop and there was a couple of IPOs in there as well. But big picture, our existing customers are still using us for more. And we think we have some great products next year that should also drive the top of funnel.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. And I'd also add to that, we've been pushing pretty hard on Trump Accounts, making that a great product. You'll see this, this isn't just an app. It's going to be increasingly an ecosystem. So we're plugging in employers. Now employers will be able to fund Trump Accounts on behalf of their employees. And then we're going to be plugging in donors. Donors are kind of done on a one-off basis now, but you can imagine if you're a corporate donor or a wealthy philanthropic individual, we'll make it really easy and delightful to go into the Trump Accounts.

We're already seeing meaningful net deposit impact on that. And I think that it can be much, much bigger, everyone -- a lot of people are aligned in having that be a bigger number. And we think that we have an opportunity, of course, if we continue to serve these customers very well as we expect to, for those to be compounding assets. What was the number, $70 million, $25 million funded by Michael and Susan Dell alone, I mean if we serve these customers well over time, I think a large portion should be Robinhood customers.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you for that, Vlad and Shiv. So the next question is from Michael Cyprys at Morgan Stanley.

Michael Cyprys

I just wanted to ask about peer-to-peer payments that you just test launched here on the call here. I was hoping you could expand on your vision for this new offering? How do you see this contributing in the coming years, including perhaps a funnel for new client acquisition, maybe even revenue monetization. So hoping you could talk about your expectations there and how do you see this ramping?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I mean where we started was really just -- we had a lot of customers saying that they want to send money to their friends via the question asked or asked about Zelle, Zelle or other things. Can we make that a little bit easier. And then we thought, well, what's the most simple, seamless thing we could do where you don't even have to enter anything. You can just send money via text. I think -- and I think we've delivered that experience. It's just if you want to just literally sending money from Robinhood as easy as texting someone.

So the first thing we're looking for as we roll this out is are our existing customers using it? Is it solving their problem. And I think once we've got that, by its very nature, the product should be viral, right? As they continue to send money to their friends if they use it, then we have to make a compelling case for that recipient if they don't already have Robinhood to enter that ecosystem, but that gives us another opportunity, another potential touch point to get them as customers.

Chris Koegel

Thank you, Vlad. The next question is from Alex Markgraff at KeyBanc.

The next question is from Ben Budish at Barclays.

Benjamin Budish

One for Shiv on the expenses. So the number for the quarter came in, I think, a bit lower than a lot we're expecting. Your full year was lower just a little bit. Curious if you could talk about the moving parts. I know there's some timing of Trump expenses that are expected to come in the back half. And curious what you can share on the run rate into '27. I know you're not giving guidance there yet. Obviously, the Trump expenses may be nonrecurring. And you kind of talked before about sort of like a lower single-digit growth rate for existing businesses. But on top of that, there are new initiatives. So curious if you could talk a bit about the near-term moving pieces and how we should think about the run rate going into next year?

Shiv Verma

Yes. Great question. So what I'm really excited about is even with all the new products we're shipping, we're still saying we may discipline, as you mentioned, we lowered our outlook by $25 million at the top end.

In Q4 specifically, there's a couple of things that we're rolling out that we're investing in. First, we're doing even more for the Trump Account. So you should expect some more expenses there. Second is the credit card. We're continuing to scale the credit card, both gold and platinum. So there'll be some investments there. And then lastly, we're in the middle of annual planning right now, but there's a couple of items we are really excited for. And so we pulled those 4 and we started to make a couple of investments there.

For Trump Accounts specifically that you asked about, for the full year, I shared earlier that we expect it to be about a $100 million investment. It's still roughly going to be in that range for the full year. And so there was some timing things throughout the quarter, but that's what I would expect. For next year, it is early, and we're going to finish our planning process, and we'll come back in January and February and share the full plan. So nothing to share on that yet. But as Vlad said, it is going really well. They're asking us to do more. And so I would expect that we'll be continuing to invest there.

And then in terms of our overall philosophy, very similar to prior years. As we go through planning, we're asking each of the teams to be more efficient in those core business. We take those efficiencies and we reinvest it. We have so much more to do, as you've seen, and so it will be very, very similar to prior years.

Chris Koegel

All right. The next question is from Patrick Moley at Piper Sandler.

Patrick Moley

I have 1 on crypto.com and og.com. You now own equity in prediction market venues, while running your own exchange with Susquehanna. How do you reconcile the routing decisions between the different venues? And what is the strategic logic of holding stakes and competitors to Rothera?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. Maybe I can start. We want to give our customers the best prediction markets experience. And we want them to have choices too. I don't think we can send all of our flow to 1 venue. So we think that the combination of Rothera and Crypto.com, is just positions us well to actually serve our customers well, have great execution quality and have broad coverage of all of the assets that our customers want to trade. Maybe you can take the financials.

Shiv Verma

Yes. As Vlad mentioned, it is good to have a resilient and a second exchange. What you should expect is Rothera will be our primary exchange and crypto.com/og.com will now be our main second exchange, and we'll be getting off most of our competitors. By the end of the year into early next year, you should expect the vast majority of our flow goes through both of those.

From the financial standpoint, what we're doing now is in addition to sending them flow, we're also becoming owners. And so before, we were sending our flow to other exchanges and we weren't getting any financial incentives because of that. There is no conflicts to be clear. A product is listed on a particular exchange depending on where you can get a product experience. So there's no routing, like equities or options, they're not [indiscernible] you have to list it on either Rothera or either crypto.com. But now in addition to getting a great customer experience, we can also provide a little bit modernization for shareholders. So that's why we're super excited to both build and get a great product experience for customers, but now also having some financial upside for shareholders as well.

Chris Koegel

All right. The next question is from Brian Bedell at Deutsche Bank.

Brian Bedell

If I can ask a 2 partner, one, just the timing of company KPIs for launching those now that CPO has a final approval for that. And then secondly, Shiv, if you could just talk about a little bit more color or give a little bit more color on the October volumes to date. I think you said down 5% on equity assumptions in crypto. If you could just sort of maybe bifurcate between those areas? And any comments on take rate in crypto that tends to move around a lot?

Shiv Verma

You want to do the KPIs, and I'll do the...

Vladimir Tenev

Why don't you take them all?

Shiv Verma

Sure. So on the KPIs, we were actually just talking with the GM this morning, Steve Quirk and Johan. They're both coming very soon. And so the teams are hard at work on them. We're getting the final approvals. We announced them at Robinhood Summit. So you should expect in the near term, we're just waiting for kind of all the approvals to come through, but we're ready to go and excited for customers.

In terms of the October color, and so as a reminder, Q3 was a record quarter. So everything was our highest quarter ever for equities options in margin. And so great to see in October for equities and options and crypto they're within plus or minus 5%. And so I kind of group them all together, but they're all trending to similar levels and early in the quarter, call it, within 5% of the high water mark in Q3. And then I called out event contracts specifically because that was a little bit different and up about 7x year-over-year. And so starting to see some more increase there.

On take rate, what we're seeing to start the quarter is that spreads are a little bit tighter. And so we'll see where the full quarter shakes out. But early indications, our spreads are a little bit tighter and we'll see how it plays out for the next 2 months.

Chris Koegel

Great. All right. The next question is from Gal Blasberg from Wolfe Financial.

Unknown Analyst

I'm going to go into an area that I don't think has been discussed too much yet, and that is Robinhood Social. Talked with you about this flat. I've been power using the platform, love it, spending probably an hour plus a day on there. And I'm talking to more people and people are like, well, what are the plans for this? What's the goal? How does this create revenue? How does this drive things for the platform and create shareholder value. And I would just love to hear also how it's being prioritized and balanced with so many other things going on, building out a social media, it's no small undertaking. And so I want to hear some of the vision for this and how this is ultimately going to lead to revenue generation and increasing shareholder value?

Vladimir Tenev

How have you been liking it? Have you -- any critical feedback, anything we could be doing better?

Unknown Analyst

I've been chatting with Anna, Tory and some others on the team and given a ton of pieces of feedback and also trying to talk to the other power users and connect with them and get pieces of feedback. I think it's continuing to progress really nicely. There's certainly -- listen, if you want a feedback session at some point, I'll give it to you, but I don't know if that's the best use of your time right now.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes, that's good. Yes, you don't want to do that too much at earnings. He's a tough customer. Yes, look, I think that the reason we get excited about Robinhood Social is because -- yes, I mean, frankly, I believe that it's the best way to learn rather than which way -- am I most bullish on Robinhood producing all the content that teaches people how to invest and gives them all the tools? Or am I more bullish on 28 million customers and those customers using our product and bringing the best ideas that they find from everywhere in the world to us. So definitely the latter. And yes, I think if done well, we can just surface really good content for our customers that they can use to learn new things, and we're already seeing kind of a community form around this.

So I mean, we've got a lot to do. Just -- we've made it so that people can share things outside of the platform. And we've continued to also increase the type of content that you can share on Social. It started out with just trades, but you can -- now you can share P&L, you can share charts, you can do your portfolio. We have the creator offering. Also creators, a lot have been asking about creator monetization. So that's something we'll obviously want to look into. And I think at that point, yes, it becomes a business line for us. But as of now, I think we're thinking about it in the context of the broad Robinhood experience. And we think that if we do a really, really good job, it just gives people 1 more reason to not just do the execution of the trade on Robinhood, but just stay in Robinhood for getting the idea and the context behind the trade.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you, Vlad. The next question is from James Yaro at Goldman Sachs.

James Yaro

I was hoping you might be able to just update us on your Robinhood strategy -- your Rothera strategy at this point. How do you plan to generate market share gains? And maybe you could speak to the pricing strategy at this point? And then maybe finally, maybe just an update on how you're thinking about adding other FCMs to the platform beyond just the Hood brokerage?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. That's a great question. And again, we don't -- we're a significant equity holder in Rothera, us and SIG, but we don't actually -- we're not actually operating Rothera ourselves. I mean, of course, hopefully, they like to hope Tom and team do listen to us occasionally on retail, but it's like an independent business. Yes, so I don't want to speak too much about their strategy for getting FCMs, though I know they're highly motivated. And I think Rothera could become the default neutral gateway for FCMs because a lot of the other prediction market venues, they have their first-party offerings where they are trying to acquire customers while they're offering a service to others.

And I think when we talk to a lot of other FCMs, they don't like the idea and the potential conflict of their provider also operating a first-party business. So I think the great thing about Rothera for any FCMs that want to connect to it, is that it's purely -- it's purely working with FCMs. So you don't have to worry about your provider also competing with you in the marketplace.

And at least from our standpoint, we have been investing a lot in the nonsports contracts. You saw us announce KPI prediction markets. We've been seeing a lot of growth in the crypto contracts and commodities. And I think that over time, we see an opportunity in integrating these financial -- I think we can own the financial category because that's like a unique advantage we have. And Rothera can support just a more sophisticated financial contracts and be a leader there because I think we're less excited about doing what everyone else is doing, which is just all sports all the time because I think that's rapidly going to get commoditized and it's just, frankly, a little bit less differentiated from my standpoint.

Shiv Verma

And the 2 things I'll add there. On the non-sports side, if you look in the quarter, it was actually about 30% was nonsports, and that was up from 15% the quarter before. So as Vlad said, we're starting to see adoption across some of these other asset classes, which was great to see.

On the pricing side, we're really excited that our pricing is now official, but we lowered pricing for customers when we bought Rothera, and what we did is we made a dynamic pricing model. And so what we heard from customers was if you were trading something in the wing relative to the center, you actually pay a higher take rate. And so instead of just increasing monetization. What we decided to do is redo the pricing model. We made it dynamic. We listen to customers, but we didn't impact our take rate because we were able to share some with them and take some of that back. And then on top of that, we made it even better with Gold. We talked a lot about gold, but -- now if you're a Robinhood customer and you're a gold member, you also get even better pricing as well. So a couple of different things all going on there at the same time.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. And if you look at the experience, those of you that trade prediction markets on Robin, you can see we've really done a nice job just refining the experience, having like specific modules for different types of prediction markets, the midterms hub, in particular, I think, just looks amazing. So it's not just if you want to trade them, but just as a way to explore and find what's likely to happen through the midterms, I think we've done a really, really nice job. And the 15-minute up and down markets on crypto have been looking good. So yes, I think you can see the tiling that's happening on the product to make it even more usable.

Chris Koegel

All right. The next question comes from somebody right off the plane, Dan Dolev from Mizuho.

Vladimir Tenev

Are you in the airport?

Dan Dolev

I'm in Munich. I just got back from Israel on route to New York trade vote today. Great results, as always, we've done some work. I'm very interested in perpetual Futures. It sounds like you guys are headed to something really big there. And I think we we're getting a lot of questions on it. I just want to know like how big do you think this one could be? Because it sounds like it's a huge opportunity here. So I would love to get some more color on that.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I mean I think that if you look at the sort of like leaders in perpetual futures, the perpetual futures is a huge market by volume with daily volumes billions. In fact, some of the platforms globally have tens of billions in daily purpose volume. And then we saw even on Robinhood Chain, which again is just a couple of months old seeing over USD 1 billion notional in on chain perps. So I see no reason why our offering can't get to a similar, if not greater scale than the DeFi offering as time goes on.

Chris Koegel

All right. The next question is from David Smith at Truist.

David Smith

Can you flesh out a little bit more about what you're seeing in terms of the drivers on take rates as 3Q came in lighter than [indiscernible] us were expecting. It sounded like that the clients continued to start the fourth quarter? Sure it differs across asset class, but is this a mix issue on the user front or on the sub-asset class front, trade sizes, volumes, other dynamics, what would you point to there?

Shiv Verma

Yes, I'm happy to take this one. So on equities, it's usually a mix shift between single names and ETFs, and it also depends on what the spreads are. Options is also similar. It depends on what the wall is and also the spreads. And then is it -- are they trading more index options? Are they trading more single names? Is it more indices. That tends to be a bigger driver there.

On crypto, the main driver was our Robinhood earn, our stable coin product. So that product is doing great, now has over $500 million of assets there. But because it's stable coin, we monetize it less than the normal platform. And so that's what drove it down. If you take out the stable coin, it was basically similar to the quarter before in the same ZIP code. So that was the main driver there.

And then EC, as I mentioned, we updated our pricing. And so it will depend on what the customer is trading. Are they trading the money line, are they trading at the wings? Are they using Robinhood Gold. And so that's why we saw it moving a little bit. So I would say each of them is a little bit different. And that what we're seeing in October is as the start, they're similar to what we saw and maybe a touch lighter spreads are a little bit tighter. But again, it's about 3 weeks into the quarter, and so we'll see what the full quarter shakes out.

Chris Koegel

Great. The next question is from Dr. Crossroads.

Unknown Analyst

Just wanted to ask, given that you've given us last year, some information regarding the impact of rate hikes, and we're in a very different rate cuts, and we're in a very different situation with rate hikes. I'm wondering if it's going to be a similar impact on the ecosystem. I believe you guided for a negative $50 million impact for each rate cut on net interest income, especially now that banking is a part of your ecosystem and also credit cards are a meaningful part as well?

Vladimir Tenev

You remember, by the way, was it like a year ago, everyone was like, what's your business going to do? You've done so well in a high rate environment with all this interest income, how will you survive in a low rate environment. And now it's funny, every couple of years. It's like the question reverses. You've been doing so well with these declining rates. How are you -- now rates are going to go up again.

Shiv Verma

I'm happy to take it.

Vladimir Tenev

It is great. I mean, first good to see you, by the way. Hope you're doing well.

Shiv Verma

The first thing we like, as Vlad said, is the business is diversified. So some products do well in a low rate environment, such as the trading products and others do better in a high interest rate environment, such as the NIM products. The actual math is for every 25 basis point hike or decline, it's about a 1.5% change to revenue. So all else being equal, if the Fed hike is another 25 basis points, that should be a lift. The really simple math is we have about $80 billion of interest-earning assets. About half of that $40 billion is interest-sensitive assets because the suite program and a few other things aren't interest sensitive. So the [ DVO1 ], 25 basis points and $40 billion is about $100 million of a change and then $100 million on about a $5.5 billion to $6 billion run rate gets you about that 1.5%. So big picture, though, we like being diversified and a rate hike is a tailwind. But regardless of the rate environment, we've bought a business that does well in both of them.

Chris Koegel

Thank you, Shiv. The next question is from Adam Frisch from Evercore.

Adam Frisch

I wanted to follow up a little bit on net deposit growth and actually monthly actives as a percentage of fully funded. Both were a little weaker this quarter. So I would appreciate some color on what drove that in the quarter? If we should be aware of any new or incremental initiatives you're thinking about or acting already to reverse that? Or it's just a 90-day period that isn't necessarily indicative of the overall trends and what you're seeing so far in 4Q?

Shiv Verma

Yes. I would say it's more the latter. We don't over-index in any 1 month or quarter. And the best way to see it is October. As we mentioned, October was already a record of over $13 billion of net deposits, and ADVs were very similar or just a touch lighter than what we saw in a record Q3. And so things are going to move around. There is timing of when we launch new products. There's timing of when promos happen. There is some seasonality. There's macro events, there's the IPO market. So all of those come together. But if you look at it on an annualized basis or if you just look at October alone, already seeing really healthy engagement across trading and net deposits.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you, Shiv. The next question is from Ramsey El-Assal at Cantor.

Ramsey El-Assal

I wanted to ask if you could elaborate a little bit on the rationale for the Ripple partnership. How is that going to benefit you guys? I know there's a few different dimensions there. internal treasury operations, also external facing benefits for Bitstamp, et cetera. Where do you see the nearest-term opportunity, the greatest near-term opportunity? And just sort of if you could expand a little bit on the overall strategic rationale?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I mean, yes, I think I like Brad and the team at Ripple. And I think that we were excited to do more business together. I think that there's a lot of ways in which we offer complementary things. And we're never afraid to get more integration into, I think, more integration, more products, more selection for the Robinhood ecosystem, both in the app and in chain is just strictly better.

And I think we kind of bring complementary things to the table with their institutional business and our more retail-oriented business. And in fact, today is another example of this onto integrating into Robinhood Chain. Now Endo also has tokenized products, but our thought is, well, -- and we want our chain to be the best home of tokenized products. They don't need to be our own. And in fact, it's important for us to just make sure everyone has an equal opportunity to list on our chain and on our properties for our customers because that just leads to the best product. So of course, if we would like our own first-party products to always be used. But if they also have to be better than the competition.

Chris Koegel

All right. The next question is from Ed Engel at Compass Point.

Edward Engel

I guess how are you thinking about bringing stock tokens onshore the U.S. after the SEC's invasive redemption? And then is there anything regulatory-wise in the radar that might unlock private stock tokens that you announced last year?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes, that's a great question, something we've been very passionate about. For private companies, we basically have 2 bets, 1 being Robinhood Ventures, which is in the form of fund products in the U.S. and then stock tokens overseas where we have the ability to tokenize individual companies. And in a sense, through our will we benefit from these 2 things help each other because with Robinhood Ventures, we have relationships with companies. We've been investing in a lot of companies. We have like an active pipeline. And a lot of those companies actually inquire about what tokenization is and can they join and -- we've been -- we have the relationships, and we've been a leader in this space. So I would say we have a path to doing it overseas. We know how to do it. We've demonstrated the technology and the capability. So it's just a question of getting all the regulatory stuff in place, but we do intend to launch these products overseas.

Now when it comes to in the U.S. for private stocks specifically, there's another layer to it, which is the accreditation requirements. And so we are working hard to find a path that satisfies the current accreditation requirements and also leads to a great customer experience. I think Robinhood Ventures is an example of this in the construct of funds. But of course, a lot of customers want exposure to individual names as well. And so we're working hard to do that within the constraints. As far as the innovation exemption goes, I think it's a really positive step. We're supportive of it. We think that, obviously, the U.S. needs to be a leader in this new technology. I do think more needs to be done to give people a little bit of certainty because as we talk to customers, I think the uncertainty of what happens in 5 years, is likely to be an impediment to like putting serious assets onto this technology. So I still think some rulemaking or legislation is going to be is going to be necessary, even though, of course, it's a positive step, and we hope to have more to share on our own U.S. tokenization plans in the near future.

Chris Koegel

The next question is from John Todaro at Needham. .

John Todaro

I was hoping we could just get some commentary on maybe the health of the retail trade or within equities, in particular, AI stocks have come down quite a bit in the last several weeks, and many of those were trafficking quite a bit by retail. So just wondering if you can get any commentary there on engagement post the sell up?

Shiv Verma

Yes, I'm happy to take this one. Engagement continues to be really strong. I mean the best way to see that is through the ADVs and through net deposits and both of those were incredibly strong in the start of October. And so -- as we said before, our customers, they tend to be younger, they tend to be technooptimist. They tend to be technology forward. They use selloffs as a buying opportunity. And so when you sell a sell off an AI stocks or in chip makers or in semis, our customers leaned in and continue to buy more. On down days, we tend to see some of our strongest net buying. And so -- but the best metrics I would look at are just net deposits in ADVs, and both of those were really strong start October.

Chris Koegel

All right. Thank you, Shiv. The next question is from Andrew Harte from BTIG. .

Andrew Harte

Shiv, you talked about turning up the dial a bit on top of funnel? Just wondering if you can share some details on the strategy there and any traction you've seen? And then a bit of a follow-up on the MAU question. I realize it's kind of just 1 period. But in the past year, we've been in that $13 million [indiscernible] $13 million to $14 million user range on MAUs. Just curious anything you can do there to try to drive that number higher as well?

Shiv Verma

Yes. Could you repeat what was the first part of the question? Apologies before the MAU.

Andrew Harte

Anything on top of funnel that you're doing in that similar question, but how do you increase the MAU number as well? .

Shiv Verma

On the top of funnel, there's 2 things. First is product and the second is marketing. What we've been focusing on this year is primarily product. We've been testing a tiny bit on marketing, but we haven't we haven't done it yet. But if you look at a lot of the things that lodge shared, whether it was P2P or banking or other products, we think those can be pretty meaningful drivers. So we're making some investments and we pulled some of that forward to make them and develop them this year, and you'll see them launch in 2027. But the big drivers are generally just products and a little bit of marketing. .

On MAUs, the honest answer is we don't go on it. The teams are gold on our customers are engaged, are they using the platform? Are they trusting us? Are they depositing, -- all of those are incredibly healthy. mouse is an output metric. It's going to move around a little bit with the market. As I mentioned before, it could be seasonal. It could be the macro. It's what they're doing. Everything we're seeing is customers are incredibly healthy. And if they're depositing more, they're engaging more, they're using more of our products. We call that a win and then malls are just going to move around.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. And I think longer term, we have some bets that we're working on. I think, obviously, having the opportunity to serve upwards of 70 million children with the Trump Accounts and serving as the broker and trust -- the initial trustee of the program with BNY. I think it's a big opportunity for us to just be in front of the next generation there. We've also been thinking about how to invest. I mean, we have custodial accounts which have been a nice addition to the platform, but how can we actually invest in getting customers as they're even younger and build an even better experience because we're starting to see some smoke there. .

So yes, I think that in the next year, we're going to be making several bets that yes, I believe, will just not just increase top-of-funnel net funded account growth, but also MAU growth. I mean, the 2 are sort of like high level interconnected. So you should see those move. And that's outside of outside of marketing and outside of, I think, the long-term opportunity of serving as the trustee of the Trump Accounts initiative. Oh, you're muted.

Andrew Harte

I told you last quarter, my son was to be born and I signed them up, and I can confirm it was a very easy onboarding process for its Trump Account. So well done there.

Vladimir Tenev

Oh, thank you. That warms my heart. Hopefully, you'll have many more.

Shiv Verma

Also, you can see if your employer will match you now and get a little bit more for your son in there as well.

Chris Koegel

All right. The next question is from Alex Markgraff, KeyBanc.

Alexander Markgraff

It sounds like things are going quite well in banking. I certainly appreciate the withdrawal destination data point that you shared. What should we be looking for to determine when the products in a state that warrants more sort of intentional marketing efforts? Or when you're ready to pour fuel on the fire, so to say.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes, that's a good question. That's going to be tied with the general availability of the product. So right now, you kind of have to be a Robinhood brokerage customer to be eligible for banking, which essentially means there's no like independent onboarding -- sorry, my hair makes these tough. No independent onboarding yet in the banking app. Of course, we do intend to roll that out. And if -- once we have independent onboarding, then that unlocks the possibility of performance marketing, which will be a new capability of ours because now we're marketing multiple things.

So we're still early, but I think we're -- we've got a great team on the marketing side, and we're going to be investing more in the capability. But we do believe that banking will actually give growth to brokerage and not just the other way around. So this is just yes, just a greenfield opportunity for us, which will also impact net funded account growth in MAUs.

Shiv Verma

And banking is a little different than the credit card. So credit card, we're rolling out more delivery because you have to get the unit economics right. You have to get the credit risk right. Banking is just like any of the other products that we launch. You make sure that customers like it, you fix their pain points, once you find product market fit. So it will be much more akin to a regular software product relative to the credit card, which took a little bit longer to roll out.

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. And I'd also add that it's a little bit more of a predictable compounder because the trading products, there is a dependence on the market and seasonality, but banking, people just received their paychecks, they spend. They're in the ecosystem, week in, week out. It's -- which counterbalances the trading business quite nicely.

Chris Koegel

All right. And finishing strong here. Our next question is from Ken Worthington at JPMorgan.

Kenneth Worthington

Keeping it sort of high picture, ARPU doubled over the last 2 years to about [indiscernible]. road map of new products and new cross-selling? How do you see ARPU evolving from here? And if I pick an ARPU figure like 300, 300, do you see this is feasible? And given all that you've got going on, what does Robinhood need to get right to get to a figure like that?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I think that's an interesting question. I mean -- the reason I'm reluctant to just give you our ARPU goal is, I think we also think there's a lot of opportunity to grow customers and grow down market. I mean if we get more younger customers. You could see, for example, ARPU decreasing, but the total size of the customer base increasing dramatically. I mean, particularly depending on how you count Robinhood Chain users and international customers as we continue to put our foot on the gas of the international expansion, which I think we're still the relative early days. I mean, we crossed 1 million international customers, but not hard to imagine that itself growing exponentially on the way to the majority of our customers being international over the long run.

So it's a complicated optimization of our existing customers continuing to get more valuable, get wealthier and their ARPU should be continuing to increase, but there's going to be a counterbalancing effect of us just getting plenty of more customers from international markets and who are younger.

Shiv Verma

Yes. A couple of things I'll add there. ARPU is an output metric. So we actually don't go the teams on that. We grow them on market share and then ROI. And what we've said before is we believe Robinhood can 10x from here. And so you can take any metric you want, whether that's revenue, net deposits, et cetera, the highest predictor in correlation to revenue is just net deposits. So if we keep gaining that deposit, if customers keep trusting us, whether that's new funded customers, whether that's an existing customer trusting us with more, that's how you grow the business, and that's how you grow revenue. ARPU is going to grow wherever it's going to go. But again, that's not what we go on. We just grow on market share and giving a great customer experience.

Chris Koegel

All right. Well, that concludes the Q&A portion of the call. Vlad, would you like to make any closing comments?

Vladimir Tenev

Yes. I just wanted to tell you guys, again, thank you for being here, for those of you in person and also those of you watching remotely. We're building a community here, not just to customers but also shareholders, investors, retail and institutional, had some content creators on the call. And you should know that we are far from done, and we are not complacent, and the road map just continues to be incredibly full. So rolling out all the things from Hood Summit and a bunch of other things in the hopper to make this your financial super app and to deliver the power of ownership to people worldwide. So thank you for being with us on the journey. And thank you for listening bearing the heat.